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TEXTS
Matthew 8:5-13 (New King James Version)
Jesus Heals a Centurion’s Servant
5 Now when Jesus had entered Capernaum, a centurion came to Him, pleading with Him, 6 saying, “Lord, my servant is lying at home paralyzed, dreadfully tormented.” 7 And Jesus said to him, “I will come and heal him.” 8 The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that You should come under my roof. But only speak a word, and my servant will be healed. 9 For I also am a man under authority, having soldiers under me. And I say to this one, ‘Go,’ and he goes; and to another, ‘Come,’ and he comes; and to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he does it.” 10 When Jesus heard it, He marveled, and said to those who followed, “Assuredly, I say to you, I have not found such great faith, not even in Israel! 11 And I say to you that many will come from east and west, and sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. 12 But the sons of the kingdom will be cast out into outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” 13 Then Jesus said to the centurion, “Go your way; and as you have believed, so let it be done for you.” And his servant was healed that same hour.
Luke 7:1-10 (New King James Version)
Luke 7
Jesus Heals a Centurion’s Servant
1 Now when He concluded all His sayings in the hearing of the people, He entered Capernaum. 2 And a certain centurion’s servant, who was dear to him, was sick and ready to die. 3 So when he heard about Jesus, he sent elders of the Jews to Him, pleading with Him to come and heal his servant. 4 And when they came to Jesus, they begged Him earnestly, saying that the one for whom He should do this was deserving, 5 “for he loves our nation, and has built us a synagogue.”6 Then Jesus went with them. And when He was already not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to Him, saying to Him, “Lord, do not trouble Yourself, for I am not worthy that You should enter under my roof. 7 Therefore I did not even think myself worthy to come to You. But say the word, and my servant will be healed. 8 For I also am a man placed under authority, having soldiers under me. And I say to one, ‘Go,’ and he goes; and to another, ‘Come,’ and he comes; and to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he does it.” 9 When Jesus heard these things, He marveled at him, and turned around and said to the crowd that followed Him, “I say to you, I have not found such great faith, not even in Israel!” 10 And those who were sent, returning to the house, found the servant well who had been sick.[a]
Matthieu 8:5-13 (Louis Segond)
5Comme Jésus entrait dans Capernaüm, un centenier l'aborda,
6le priant et disant: Seigneur, mon serviteur est couché à la maison, atteint de paralysie et souffrant beaucoup.
7Jésus lui dit: J'irai, et je le guérirai.
8Le centenier répondit: Seigneur, je ne suis pas digne que tu entres sous mon toit; mais dis seulement un mot, et mon serviteur sera guéri.
9Car, moi qui suis soumis à des supérieurs, j'ai des soldats sous mes ordres; et je dis à l'un: Va! et il va; à l'autre: Viens! et il vient; et à mon serviteur: Fais cela! et il le fait.
10Après l'avoir entendu, Jésus fut dans l'étonnement, et il dit à ceux qui le suivaient: Je vous le dis en vérité, même en Israël je n'ai pas trouvé une aussi grande foi.
11Or, je vous déclare que plusieurs viendront de l'orient et de l'occident, et seront à table avec Abraham, Isaac et Jacob, dans le royaume des cieux.
12Mais les fils du royaume seront jetés dans les ténèbres du dehors, où il y aura des pleurs et des grincements de dents.
13Puis Jésus dit au centenier: Va, qu'il te soit fait selon ta foi. Et à l'heure même le serviteur fut guéri.
Luc 7:1-10 (Louis Segond)
Luc 7
1Après avoir achevé tous ces discours devant le peuple qui l'écoutait, Jésus entra dans Capernaüm.
2Un centenier avait un serviteur auquel il était très attaché, et qui se trouvait malade, sur le point de mourir.
3Ayant entendu parler de Jésus, il lui envoya quelques anciens des Juifs, pour le prier de venir guérir son serviteur.
4Ils arrivèrent auprès de Jésus, et lui adressèrent d'instantes supplications, disant: Il mérite que tu lui accordes cela;
5car il aime notre nation, et c'est lui qui a bâti notre synagogue.
6Jésus, étant allé avec eux, n'était guère éloigné de la maison, quand le centenier envoya des amis pour lui dire: Seigneur, ne prends pas tant de peine; car je ne suis pas digne que tu entres sous mon toit.
7C'est aussi pour cela que je ne me suis pas cru digne d'aller en personne vers toi. Mais dis un mot, et mon serviteur sera guéri.
8Car, moi qui suis soumis à des supérieurs, j'ai des soldats sous mes ordres; et je dis à l'un: Va! et il va; à l'autre: Viens! et il vient; et à mon serviteur: Fais cela! et il le fait.
9Lorsque Jésus entendit ces paroles, il admira le centenier, et, se tournant vers la foule qui le suivait, il dit: Je vous le dis, même en Israël je n'ai pas trouvé une aussi grande foi.
10De retour à la maison, les gens envoyés par le centenier trouvèrent guéri le serviteur qui avait été malade.
http://www.abbaye-saint-benoit.ch/frame.html
http://jesusmarie.free.fr/jean_chrysostome_commentaire_evangile_saint_matthieu_1.html
http://www.bible.ca/history/fathers/NPNF1-10/npnf1-10-32.htm#P2625_873666
http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200126.htm
http://biblestudy.churches.net/CCEL/FATHERS2/NPNF110/NPNF1131.HTM#P2625_873666
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cyril_on_luke_03_sermons_26_38.htm#SERMON XXXV
THE CENTURION’S SERVANT HEALED
EXPLANATION BY SAINT JOHN CHRYSOSTOM
http://www.bible.ca/history/fathers/NPNF1-10/npnf1-10-32.htm#P2625_873666
Homily XXVI.
Matthew Chapter 8, Verse 5
Homily XXVI.
Matthew Chapter 8, Verse 5
"And when He was entered into Capernaum, there came unto Him a centurion, beseeching Him, and saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home1 sick of the palsy, grievously tormented."
The leper came unto Him "when He was come down front time mountain," but this centurion, "when He was entered into Capernaum." Wherefore then did neither the one nor the other go up into the mountain? Not out of remissness, for indeed the faith of them both was fervent, but in order not to interrupt His teaching.
But having come unto Him, he saith, "My servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented." Now some say, that by way of excuse he mentioned also the cause, why he had not brought him. "For neither was it possible," saith he, "paralyzed as he was, and tormented, and at his last gasp, to lift and convey him." For that he was at the point of expiring, Luke saith; "He was even ready to die."2 But I say, this is a sign of his having great faith, even much greater than theirs, who let one down through the roof.3 For because he knew for certain, that even a mere command was enough for the raising up of the patient, he thought it superfluous to bring him.
What then doth Jesus? What He had in no case done before, here He doeth. For whereas on every occasion He was used to follow the wish of His supplicants, here He rather springs toward it, and offers not only to heal him, but also to come to the house. And this He doth, that we might learn the virtue of the centurion. For if He had not made this offer, but had said, "Go thy way, let thy servant be healed;" we should have known none of these things.
This at least He did, in an opposite way, in the case also of the Phoenician woman. For here, when not summoned to the house, of His own accord He saith, He will come, that thou mightest learn the centurion's faith and great humility; but in the case of the Phoenician woman, He both refuses the grant, and drives her, persevering therein, to great perplexity.
For being a wise physician and full of resources, He knows how to bring about contraries the one by the other.4 And as here by His freely-offered coming, so there by His peremptory putting off and denial, He unfolds the woman's faith. So likewise He doth in Abraham's case, saying, "I will by no means hide from Abraham my servant;"5 to make thee know that man's kindly affection, and his care for Sodom. And in the instance of Lot,6 they that were sent refuse to enter into his house, to make thee know the greatness of that righteous man's hospitality.
What then saith the centurion? "I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof."7 Let us hearken, as many as are to receive Christ: for it is possible to receive Him even now. Let us hearken, and emulate, and receive Him with as great zeal; for indeed, when thou receivest a poor man who is hungry and naked, thou hast received and cherished Him.
2. "But say in a word only,8 and my servant shall be healed."
See this man also, how, like the leper, he hath the right opinion touching Him. For neither did this one say, "entreat," nor did he say, "pray, and beseech," but "command only." And then from fear lest out of modesty He refuse, He saith,
"For I also am a man under authority, having under me soldiers; and I say to this man, go, and he goeth; and to another, come, and he cometh; and to my servant, do this, and he doeth it."9
"And what of that," saith one, "if the centurion did suspect it to be so? For the question is, whether Christ affirmed and ratified as much." Thou speakest well, and very sensibly. Let us then look to this very thing; and we shall find what happened in the case of the leper, the same happening here likewise. For even as the leper said, "If thou wilt" (and not from the leper only are we positive about His authority, but also from the voice of Christ; in that, so far from putting an end to the suspicion, He did even confirm it more, by adding what were else superfluous to say, in the phrase,. "I will, be thou cleansed," in order to establish that man's doctrine): so here too, it is right to see whether any such thing occurred. In fact, we shall find this same thing again taking place. For when the centurion had spoken such words, and had testified His so great prerogative; so far from blaming, He did even approve it, and did somewhat more than approve it. For neither hath the evangelist said, that He praised the saying only, but declaring a certain earnestness in His praise, that He even "marvelled;" and neither did He simply marvel, but in the presence also of the whole people, and set Him as an example to the rest, that they should emulate Him.
Seest thou how each of them that bore witness of His authority is" marvelled at? And the multitudes were astonished at His doctrine, because He taught as one having authority;"10 and so far from blaming them, He both took them with Him when He came down, and by His words of cleansing to the leper, confirmed their judgment. Again, that leper said, "If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean;"11 and so far from rebuking, He on the contrary cleansed him by such treatment as He had said. Again, this centurion saith, "Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed: "12 and "marvelling" at him, He said, "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel."13
Now, to convince thee of this by the opposite also; Martha having said nothing of this sort, but on the contrary, "Whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, He will give Thee;"14 so far from being praised, although an acquaintance, and dear to Him, and one of them that had shown great zeal toward Him, she was rather rebuked and corrected by Him, as not having spoken well; in that He said to her, "Said I not unto thee, that if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God?"15 blaming her, as though she did not even yet believe. And again, because she had said, "Whatsoever Thou wilt ask of God, He will give Thee;" to lead her away from such a surmise, and to teach her that He needs not to receive from another, but is Himself the fountain of all good things, He saith, "I am the resurrection and the life;"16 that is to say, "I wait not to receive active power,17 but work all of myself."
Wherefore at the centurion He both marvels, and prefers him to all the people, and honors him with the gift of the kingdom, and provokes the rest to the same zeal. And to show thee that for this end He so spake, viz. for the instructing of the rest to believe in like manner, listen to the exactness of the evangelist. how he hath intimated it. For,
"Jesus," saith He, "turned Him about, and said to them that followed Him, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel."18
It follows, that to have high imaginations concerning Him, this especially is of faith, and tends to procure the kingdom and His other blessings. For neither did His praise reach to words only, but He both restored the sick man whole, in recompence of his faith, and weaves for him a glorious crown, and promises great gifts, saying on this wise,
"Many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down in the bosoms of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob; but the children of the kingdom shall be cast out."19
Thus, since He had shown many miracles, He proceeds to talk with them more unreservedly.
Then, that no one might suppose His words to come of flattery, but that all might be aware that such was the mind of the centurion, He saith,
"Go thy way; as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee."20
And straightway the work followed, bearing witness to his character.21
"And his servant was healed from that hour."
Which was the result in the case of the Syrophoenician woman also; for to her too He saith, "O woman, great is thy faith; be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made whole."22
3. But since Luke, also relating this miracle, inserts by the way a good many other things, which seem to indicate some disagreement; these too must be explained by us.
What then saith Luke? He sent elders of the Jews unto Him entreating Him to come.23 But Matthew saith, that he approached himself, and said, "I am not worthy." And some indeed say, the one is not the same as the other, though they have many points of resemblance. Thus, of the one it is said, that "He both hath builded our synagogue, and loveth our nation; "24 but concerning this other Jesus Himself saith, "I have not found so great faith, no not in Israel." And touching the former, He did not say, "many shall come from the east;" whence it is likely that he was a Jew.
What then are we to say? That this solution is indeed easy, but the question is, whether it be true. To me this one seems to be the same as the other. How then, it may be asked, doth Matthew relate, that he himself said, "I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof," but Luke, that he sent for Christ to come? To me Luke seems to be intimating to us the flattery of the Jews; and that persons in affliction, being unsettled, form to themselves many different counsels. For it is likely that the centurion, when he wished to have gone, was stopped by the Jews, flattering him, and saying, "We will go and bring Him."
See at least that even their entreaty is full of flattering. "For He loveth our nation" (so it runs), "and our synagogue He builded:"25 neither know they for what to praise the man. For whereas they ought to have said, He was minded himself to come and entreat Thee, "but we forbad him, seeing his affliction, and the calamity lying upon his house;" and so they should have set forth the greatness of his faith; this they say not, for neither were they willing, for envy, to declare the man's faith: but they chose rather to cast a shade over his virtue, for whom they had come to make their supplication, lest He who was entreated, should seem to be some great one; than by proclaiming the other's faith, to accomplish that for which they had come. For envy is enough to blind the understanding. But He who knows the secret things, even against their will proclaimed that centurion.
And that this is true, hear Luke himself again, interpreting it. For he himself saith on this wise: "When He was now not far off, he sent, saying, O Lord, trouble not Thyself: for I am not worthy that Thou shouldest enter under my roof."26 That is, when he was freed from their importunity, then he sends, saying, "Think not it was for sloth that I came not, but I accounted myself unworthy to receive Thee in my house." And if Matthew saith that not by his friends, but by himself did he say this; that proves27 nothing; for the question is, whether each of them has set before us the zealousness of the man, and his having had the right opinion concerning Christ. But it is likely, that after sending his friends, he himself also came and said these things. And if Luke did not speak of the one, no more did Matthew of the other; and this is not the part of men disagreeing amongst themselves, but rather of those that are filling up the things omitted by one another. But see by another thing also how Luke hath proclaimed his faith, saying that his servant "was ready to die."28 Nevertheless, not even this cast him into despondency, neither did it cause him to give up: but even so he trusted that he should prevail. And if Matthew affirm Christ to have said, "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel," and hereby to show clearly that he was not an Israelite; while Luke saith, "He built our synagogue;" neither is this a contradiction. For it was possible for one, even though not a Jew, both to build the synagogue, and to love the nation.
4. But do not thou, I pray thee, merely inquire what was said by him, but add thereto his rank also, and then thou wilt see the man's excellency. Because in truth great is the pride of them that are in places of command, and not even in afflictions do they take lower ground. He, for example, who is set down in John, is for dragging Him unto his house, and saith, "Come down, for my child is ready to die."29 But not so this man; rather he is far superior both to him, and to those who let down the bed through the roof For he seeks not for His bodily presence, neither did He bring the sick man near the physician; a thing which implied no mean imaginations concerning Him, but rather a suspicion of His divine dignity. And he saith, "speak the word only." And at the beginning he saith not even, "speak the word," but only describe his affliction: for neither did he, of great humility, expect that Christ would straightway consent, and inquire for his house. Therefore, when he heard Him say, "I will come and heal him," then, not before he saith, "speak the word." Nor yet did the suffering confound him, but still under calamity he reasons coolly,30 not looking so much to the health of the servant, as to the avoiding all appearance of doing anything irreverent.
And yet it was not he that pressed it, but Christ that offered it: nevertheless even so he feared, lest perchance he should be thought to be going beyond his own deservings, and to be drawing upon himself a thing above his strength.31 Seest thou his wisdom? Mark the folly of the Jews, in saying, "He was worthy for whom He should do the favor."32 For when they should have taken refuge in the love of Jesus towards man, they rather allege this man's worthiness; and know not so much as on what ground to allege it. But not so he, but he affirmed himself even in the utmost degree unworthy, not only of the benefit, but even of receiving the Lord in his house. Wherefore even when he said, "My servant lieth sick," he did not add, "speak," for fear lest he should be unworthy to obtain the gift; but he merely made known his affliction. And when he saw Christ zealous in His turn, not even so did he spring forward, but still continues to keep to the end his own proper measure.
And if any one should say, "wherefore did not Christ honor him in return?" we would say this, that He did make return to him in honor, and that exceedingly: first by bringing out his mind, which thing chiefly appeared by His not coming to his house; and in the second place, by introducing him into His kingdom, and preferring him to the whole Jewish nation. For because he made himself out unworthy even to receive Christ into his house, he became worthy both of a kingdom, and of attaining unto those good things which Abraham enjoyed.
"But wherefore," one may say, "was not the leper commended, who showed forth things greater than these?" For he did not so much as say, "speak the word," but what was far more, "be willing only," which is what the prophet saith concerning the Father, "He hath done whatsoever He pleased."33 But he also was commended. For when He said, "Offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them,"34 He means nothing else but, "thou shalt be an accuser of them, in that thou didst believe." And besides, it was not the same for one that was a Jew to believe, and for one from without that nation. For that the centurion was not a Jew is evident, both from his being a centurion and from its being said, "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel." And it was a very great thing for a man who was out of the list of the Jewish people to admit so great a thought. For he did no less than imagine to himself, as it seems to me, the armies in Heaven; or that the diseases and death, and everything else, were so subject to Him, as his soldiers to himself.
Wherefore he said likewise, "For I also am a man set under authority;" that is, Thou art God, and I man; I under authority, but Thou not under authority. If I therefore, being a man, and under authority, can do so much; far more He, both as God, and as not under authority. Thus with the strongest expression He desires to convince Him, that he saith this, as one giving not a similar example, but one far exceeding. For if I (said he), being equal in honor to them whom I command, and under authority, yet by reason of the trifling superiority of my rank am able to do such great things; and no man contradicts me, but what I command, that is done, though the injunctions be various ("for I say to this man, go, and he goeth; and to another, come, and he cometh":35 ) much more wilt Thou Thyself be able.
And some actually read the place in this way, "For if I, being a man," and having inserted a stop, they add, "having soldiers under authority under me."
But mark thou, I pray thee, how he signified that Christ is able both to overcome even death as a slave, and to command it as its master. For in saying, "come, and he cometh," and "go, and he goeth;" he expresses this: "If Thou shouldest command his end not to come upon him, it will not come."
Seest thou how believing he was? For that which was afterwards to be manifest to all, here is one who already hath made it evident; that He hath power both of death and of life, and "leadeth down to the gates of hell, and bringeth up again."36 Nor was he speaking of soldiers only, but also of slaves; which related to a more entire obedience.
5. But nevertheless, though having such great faith, he still accounted himself to be unworthy. Christ however, signifying that he was worthy to have Him enter into his house, did much greater things, marvelling at him, and proclaiming him, and giving more than he had asked. For he came indeed seeking for his servant health of body, but went away, having received a kingdom. Seest thou how the saying had been already fulfilled, "Seek ye the kingdom of heaven, and all these things shall be added unto you."37 For, because he evinced great faith, and lowliness of mind, He both gave him heaven, and added unto him health.
And not by this alone did He honor him, but also by signifying upon whose casting out he is brought in. For now from this time forth He proceeds to make known to all, that salvation is by faith, not by works of the law. And this is why not to Jews only, but to Gentiles also the gift so given shall be proffered, and to the latter rather than to the former. For "think not," saith He, "by any means, that so it hath come to pass in regard of this man alone; nay, so it shall be in regard of the whole world. And this He said, prophesying of the Gentiles, and suggesting to them good hopes. For in fact there were some following Him from Galilee of the Gentiles. And this He said, on the one hand, not letting the Gentiles despair, on the other, putting down the proud spirits of the Jews.
But that His saying might not affront38 the hearers, nor afford them any handle; He neither brings forward prominently what He hath to say of the Gentiles, but upon occasion taken from the centurion; nor doth He use nakedly the term, Gentiles: not saying, "many of the Gentiles," but, "many from east and west:"39 which was the language of one pointing out the Gentiles, but did not so much affront the hearers, because His meaning was under a shadow.
Neither in this way only doth He soften the apparent novelty of His doctrine, but also by speaking of "Abraham's bosom" instead of "the kingdom." For neither was that term familiar to them:40 moreover, the introduction of Abraham would be a sharper sting to them. Wherefore John also spake nothing at first concerning hell, but, what was most apt to grieve them, He saith, "Think not to say, we are children of Abraham."41
He is providing for another point also; not to seem in any sense opposed to the ancient polity. For he that admires the patriarchs, and speaks of their bosom as an inheritance of blessings, doth much more than sufficiently remove also this suspicion.
Let no man therefore suppose that the threat is one only, for both the punishment of the one and the joy of the other is double: of the one, not only that they fell away, but that they fell away from their own; of the other, not only that they attained, but that they attained what they had no expectation of: and there is a third together with these, that the one received what pertained to the other. And he calls them "children of the kingdom," for whom the kingdom had been prepared: which also more than all was apt to gall them; in that having pointed to them as being in their bosom by His offer and promise, after all He puts them out.
6. Then, because what He had said was mere affirmation, He confirms it by the miracle; as indeed He shows the miracles in their turn, by the subsequent accomplishment of the prediction. He accordingly, who disbelieves the health which the servant then received, let him from the prophecy, which hath this day come to pass, believe that other also. For so that prophecy again, even before the event, was made manifest to all by the sign which then took place. To this end, you see, having first uttered that prediction, then and not before He raised up the sick of the palsy; that He might make the future credible by the present, and the less by the greater. Since for virtuous men to enjoy His good things, and for the contrary sort to undergo His penalties, were nothing improbable, but a reasonable event, and according to the tenor of laws: but to brace up the feeble, and to raise the dead, was something beyond nature.
But nevertheless, unto this great and marvellous work the centurion too contributed no little; which thing, we see, Christ also declared, saying, "Go thy way, and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee." Seest thou how the health of the servant proclaimed aloud both Christ's power, and the faith of the centurion, and also became a pledge of the future? Or rather it was all a proclamation of Christ's power. For not only did He quite heal the servant's body, but the soul also of the centurion He did Himself bring over unto the faith by His miracles.
And do thou look not to this only, that the one believed, and the other was healed, but marvel how quickly also. For this too the evangelist declared, saying, "And his servant was healed in the self-same hour:" even as of the leper also he said, "he was straightway cleansed." For not by healing, but by doing so both in a wonderful manner and in a moment of time, did He display His power. Neither in this way only doth He profit us, but also by his constant practice, in the manifestation of His miracles, of opening incidentally His discourses about His kingdom, and of drawing all men towards it. For, those even whom He was threatening to cast out, He threatened not in order to cast them out, but in order that through such fear, He might draw them into it by His words. And if not even hereby were they profited, theirs is the whole blame, as also of all who are in the like distemper.
For not at all among Jews only may one see this taking place, but also among them that have believed. For Judas too was a child of the kingdom, and it was said to him with the disciples, "Ye shall sit on twelve thrones;"42 yet he became a child of hell whereas the Ethiopian, barbarian as he was, and of them "from the east and west," shall enjoy the crowns with Abraham, and Isaac; and Jacob. This takes place among us also now. "For many," saith He, "that are first shall be last, and the last first."43 And this He saith, that neither the one may grow languid, as unable to return; nor the others be confident, as standing fast. This John also declared before from the beginning, when he said, "God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham."44 Thus, since it was so to come to pass, it is proclaimed long before; that no one may be confounded at the strangeness of the event. But he indeed speaks of it as a possible thing (for he was first); Christ on the other hand as what will surely be, affording the proof of it from His works.
7. Let us not then be confident, who stand, but let us say to ourselves, "Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall;"45 neither let us who are fallen despair, but let us say to ourselves, "He that falleth, doth he not arise?"46 For many even who have mounted to the very summit of Heaven, and have shown forth all austerity, and had made their abode in the deserts, nor saw any woman so much as in a dream; having become a little remiss, have been tripped up, and have come unto the very gulf of wickedness. While others again from thence have gone up to Heaven, and from the stage and orchestra have passed over unto the discipline of angels, and have displayed so great virtue, as to drive away devils, and to work many other such miracles. And of these examples both the Scriptures are full, and our life is also full. Even whoremongers and effeminate persons stop the mouths of the Manichaeans, who say that wickedness is immoveable, enrolling themselves on the devil's side, and weakening the hands of them that would wish to be in earnest, and overturning all our life.
For they who inculcate these things, not only injure men as to the future, but here also turn all things upside down, for their own part at least. Because when will any regard virtue, from among those that are living in wickedness, so long as he accounts his return that way, and His change for the better, a thing impossible? For if now, when both laws exist, and penalties are threatened, and there is common opinion to recall the ordinary sort, and hell is looked for, and a kingdom promised, and wrong things reproached, and the good praised; hardly do any choose the labors that are to be undergone for virtue's sake: shouldest thou take away all these things, what is there to hinder ruin and corruption universal ?
Knowing therefore the devil's craft, and that as well the lawgivers of the Gentiles as the oracles of God, and the reasonings of nature, and the common opinion of all men, yea barbarians, and Scythians, and Thracians, and generally all, are directly opposed both to these, and to such as strive to enact the doctrines of fate: let us be sober, beloved, and bidding farewell to all those, let us travel along the narrow way, being both confident and in fear: in fear because of the precipices on either side, confident because of Jesus our guide. Let us travel on, sober and wakeful. For though but for a little while one slumber, he is swept away quickly.
8. For we are not more perfect than David, who by a little carelessness was hurled into the very gulf of sin. Yet he arose again quickly. Look not then to his having sinned only, but also to his having washed away his sin. For to this end He wrote that history, not that thou shouldest behold him fallen, but admire him risen; to teach thee, when thou art fallen, how thou shouldest arise. Thus, as physicians choose out the most grievous diseases, and write them in their books, and teach their method of cure in similar cases; if so be men having practised on the greater, may easily master the less; even so God likewise hath brought forward the greatest of sins, that they also who offend in small things may find the cure of these easy, by means of the other: since if those admitted of healing, much more the less.
Let us look then to the manner both of the sickness, and of the speedy recovery of that blessed man. What then was the manner of his sickness? He committed adultery and murder. For I shrink not from proclaiming these things with a loud voice. Since if the Holy Ghost thought it no shame to record47 all this history, much less ought we to draw any shade over it. Wherefore I not only proclaim it, but I add another circumstance also. For in fact, whosoever hide these things, they most of all men throw his virtue into the shade. And as they that say nothing of the battle with Goliath deprive him of no small crowns, so also they that hurry by this history. Doth not my saying seem a paradox? Nay, wait a little, and then ye shall know that with reason have we said this. For to this end do I magnify the sin, and make my statement stranger, that I may the more abundantly provide the medicines.
What is it then which I add? The man's virtue; which makes the fault also greater. For all things are not judged alike in all men. "For mighty" men (it is said) "shall be mightily tormented: "48 and "He that knew his Lord's will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes."49 So that more knowledge is a ground of more punishment. For this same reason the priest, if he commit the same sin as those under government, shall not have the same to endure, but things far more grievous.
Perhaps, seeing the charge against him amplified, ye tremble and fear, and marvel at me, as though I were going down a precipice. But I am so confident on that righteous man's behalf, that I will proceed even farther; for the more I aggravate the charge, so much the more shall I be able to show forth the praise of David.
"And what more than this," you will say, "can be uttered?" Abundantly more. For as in the case of Cain, what was done was not a murder only, but worse than even many murders; for it was not a stranger, but a brother, whom he slew; and a brother who had not done but suffered wrong; not after many murderers, but having first originated the horrid crime: so here too that which was perpetrated was not murder only. For it was no ordinary man that did it, but a prophet: and he slays not him that had done wrong, but him that had suffered wrong; for indeed he had been mortally wronged, by the forcing away his wife: nevertheless after that he added this also.
9. Perceive ye, how I have not spared that righteous one? how without any the least reserve I have mentioned his offenses? But yet, so confident am I concerning his defense, that after so great load as this of his sin, I would there were present both the Manichaeans who most deride all this, and they that are diseased in Marcion's way,50 that I might fully stop their mouths. For they indeed say "he committed murder and adultery;" but I say not this only, but have also proved the murder to be twofold, first from him who suffered the wrong, then from the quality of the person who offended. For it is not the same thing, for one to whom the Spirit was vouchsafed, and on whom so great benefits had been conferred, and who had been admitted to such freedom of speech, and at such a time of life, to venture on crimes of that sort; as without all these, to commit this self-same thing. Nevertheless even in this respect is that illustrious man most of all worthy of admiration, that when he had fallen into the very pit of wickedness, he did not sink nor despair, nor cast himself down in supineness, on receiving of the devil so fatal a wound; but quickly, or rather straightway, and with great force, he gave a more fatal blow than he had received.
And the same thing occurred, as if in war and in battle some barbarian had struck his spear into the heart of a chieftain, or shot an arrow into his liver, and had added to the former wound a second more fatal than it, and he that had received these grievous blows, when fallen, and wallowing in much blood all about him, were first to rise up quickly, then to hurl a spear at him that wounded him, and exhibit him dead on the ground in a moment. Even so in this case also, the greater thou declarest the wound, so much the more admirable dost thou imply the soul of him that was wounded to be, that he had power after this grievous wound both to rise up again, and to stand in the very forefront of the battle array, and bear down him that had wounded him.
And how great a thing this is, they best know, whosoever are fallen into grievous sins. For it is not so much a proof of a generous and vigorous soul to walk upright, and to run all the way (for such a soul hath the good hope going along with it, to cheer and to rouse it, to nerve and render it more zealous); as after those innumerable crowns, and so many trophies, and victories, having undergone the utmost loss, to be able to resume the same course. And that what I say may be made plain, I will endeavor to bring before you another example, not at all inferior to the former.
For imagine, I pray thee, some pilot, when he had compassed seas without number, and sailed over the whole ocean; after those many storms, and rocks and waves, to sink, having with him a great freight, in the very mouth of the harbor, and hardly with his naked body to escape this grievous shipwreck; how would he naturally feel towards the sea, and navigation, and such labors? Will such a one then ever choose, unless he be of a very noble soul, to see a beach, or a vessel, or a harbor? I trow not; but he will lie hiding his face, seeing night all through the day, and shrinking from all things; and he will choose rather to live by begging, than to put his hand to the same labors.
But not such was this blessed man; but though he had undergone such a shipwreck, after those innumerable troubles and toils, he stayed not with his face covered, but launched his vessel, and having spread his sails, and taken the rudder in hand, he applies himself to the same labors, and hath made his wealth more abundant again. Now if to stand be so admirable, and not to lie down for ever after one has fallen; to rise up again, and to do such deeds, what crowns would not this deserve ?
And yet surely there were many things to drive him to despair; as first, the greatness of his sins; secondly, that not at the beginning of life, when our hopes also are more abundant, but near the end, these things befell him. For neither doth the merchant, who hath just gone out of the harbor and been wrecked, grieve equally with him, who after very many traffickings strikes on a rock. Thirdly, that when he had already obtained great wealth, he incurred this. Yea, for by that time he had stored up no small merchandise: for instance, the deeds of his early youth, when he was a shepherd; those about Goliath, when he set up the glorious trophy; those pertaining to his self-command respecting Saul. Since he showed forth even the evangelical long-suffering, in that he got his enemy ten thousand times into his hands, and continually spared him; and chose rather to be an outcast from his country and from liberty, and from life itself, than to slay him that was unjustly plotting against him. Likewise after his coming to the kingdom, there were noble deeds of his to no small amount.
And besides what I have said, his credit also among the many, and his fall from glory so bright, would cause no ordinary perplexity. For the purple did by no means so much adorn him, as the stain of his sin disgraced him. And ye know of course what a great thing it is for evil deeds to be exposed, and how great a soul is required in such an one, not to despond after the censure of the multitude, and when he hath so many witnesses of his own offenses.
Nevertheless all these darts that noble person drew out of his soul, and so shone forth after this, so wiped out the stain, became so pure, that his offspring even after his death had their sins mitigated by him: and that which was said of Abraham, we find God saying the same of this man also; or rather, much more of the latter. For with respect to the patriarch it is said, "I remembered my covenant with Abraham;"51 but here He saith not "the covenant," but how? "I will defend this city for my servant David's sake."52 And besides, on account of His favor towards him, He suffered not Solomon to fall from the kingdom. great as the sin was which he had committed. And so great was the glory of the man, that Peter, so many years after, in exhorting the Jews, spake on this wise: "Let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried."53 And Christ too, discoursing with the Jews, signifies him after his sin to have had the Spirit vouchsafed to such a degree, that he was counted worthy to prophesy again even concerning His Godhead; and thereby stopping their mouths, He said, "How then doth David in spirit call Him Lord, saying, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand ?"54 And much as with Moses, so it fell out also with David. For as Miriam, even against Moses' will, was punished by God for insolence to her brother,55 because He greatly loved the holy man; even so this man, injuriously treated by his son, God did swiftly avenge, and that against his will.
These things then are sufficient, yea rather before all others these are sufficient to indicate the man's excellency. For when God pronounces His judgment, we ought to inquire no further. But if ye would become particularly acquainted with His self command, ye may by perusing his history after his sin, perceive his confidence towards God, his benevolence, his growth in virtue, his strictness unto his last breath.
10. Having then these examples, let us be sober, and let us strive not to despond, and if at any time we fall, not to lie prostrate. For not to east you into slothfulness, did I speak of the sins of David, but to work in you more fear. For if that righteous man through a little remissness received such wounds, what shall we have to suffer, who are every day negligent? Do not therefore look at his fall, and be remiss, but consider what great things he did even after this, what great mournings, how much repentance he showed forth, adding his nights to his days, pouring forth fountains of tears, washing his couch with his tears, withal clothing himself in sackcloth.
Now if he needed so great a conversion, when will it be possible for us to be saved, feeling insensible after so many sins? For he that hath many good deeds, would easily even by this throw a shade over his sins; but he that is unarmed, wherever he may receive a dart, receives a mortal wound.
In order therefore that this may not be so, let us arm ourselves with good works; and if any offense have befallen us, let us wash it away: that we may be counted worthy, after having lived the present life to the glory of God, to enjoy the life to come; unto which may we all attain, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to 'whom be glory and might forever and ever. Amen.
THE CENTURIONS’S SERVANT HEALED
EXPLANATION BY SAINT JOHN CHRYSOSTOM
http://biblestudy.churches.net/CCEL/FATHERS2/NPNF110/NPNF1131.HTM#P2625_873666
Homily XXVI.
Matthew Chapter 8, Verse 5
Homily XXVI.
Matthew Chapter 8, Verse 5
"And when He was entered into Capernaum, there came unto Him a centurion, beseeching Him, and saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home1 sick of the palsy, grievously tormented."
The leper came unto Him "when He was come down front time mountain," but this centurion, "when He was entered into Capernaum." Wherefore then did neither the one nor the other go up into the mountain? Not out of remissness, for indeed the faith of them both was fervent, but in order not to interrupt His teaching.
But having come unto Him, he saith, "My servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented." Now some say, that by way of excuse he mentioned also the cause, why he had not brought him. "For neither was it possible," saith he, "paralyzed as he was, and tormented, and at his last gasp, to lift and convey him." For that he was at the point of expiring, Luke saith; "He was even ready to die."2 But I say, this is a sign of his having great faith, even much greater than theirs, who let one down through the roof.3 For because he knew for certain, that even a mere command was enough for the raising up of the patient, he thought it superfluous to bring him.
What then doth Jesus? What He had in no case done before, here He doeth. For whereas on every occasion He was used to follow the wish of His supplicants, here He rather springs toward it, and offers not only to heal him, but also to come to the house. And this He doth, that we might learn the virtue of the centurion. For if He had not made this offer, but had said, "Go thy way, let thy servant be healed;" we should have known none of these things.
This at least He did, in an opposite way, in the case also of the Phoenician woman. For here, when not summoned to the house, of His own accord He saith, He will come, that thou mightest learn the centurion's faith and great humility; but in the case of the Phoenician woman, He both refuses the grant, and drives her, persevering therein, to great perplexity.
For being a wise physician and full of resources, He knows how to bring about contraries the one by the other.4 And as here by His freely-offered coming, so there by His peremptory putting off and denial, He unfolds the woman's faith. So likewise He doth in Abraham's case, saying, "I will by no means hide from Abraham my servant;"5 to make thee know that man's kindly affection, and his care for Sodom. And in the instance of Lot,6 they that were sent refuse to enter into his house, to make thee know the greatness of that righteous man's hospitality.
What then saith the centurion? "I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof."7 Let us hearken, as many as are to receive Christ: for it is possible to receive Him even now. Let us hearken, and emulate, and receive Him with as great zeal; for indeed, when thou receivest a poor man who is hungry and naked, thou hast received and cherished Him.
2. "But say in a word only,8 and my servant shall be healed."
See this man also, how, like the leper, he hath the right opinion touching Him. For neither did this one say, "entreat," nor did he say, "pray, and beseech," but "command only." And then from fear lest out of modesty He refuse, He saith,
"For I also am a man under authority, having under me soldiers; and I say to this man, go, and he goeth; and to another, come, and he cometh; and to my servant, do this, and he doeth it."9
"And what of that," saith one, "if the centurion did suspect it to be so? For the question is, whether Christ affirmed and ratified as much." Thou speakest well, and very sensibly. Let us then look to this very thing; and we shall find what happened in the case of the leper, the same happening here likewise. For even as the leper said, "If thou wilt" (and not from the leper only are we positive about His authority, but also from the voice of Christ; in that, so far from putting an end to the suspicion, He did even confirm it more, by adding what were else superfluous to say, in the phrase,. "I will, be thou cleansed," in order to establish that man's doctrine): so here too, it is right to see whether any such thing occurred. In fact, we shall find this same thing again taking place. For when the centurion had spoken such words, and had testified His so great prerogative; so far from blaming, He did even approve it, and did somewhat more than approve it. For neither hath the evangelist said, that He praised the saying only, but declaring a certain earnestness in His praise, that He even "marvelled;" and neither did He simply marvel, but in the presence also of the whole people, and set Him as an example to the rest, that they should emulate Him.
Seest thou how each of them that bore witness of His authority is" marvelled at? And the multitudes were astonished at His doctrine, because He taught as one having authority;"10 and so far from blaming them, He both took them with Him when He came down, and by His words of cleansing to the leper, confirmed their judgment. Again, that leper said, "If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean;"11 and so far from rebuking, He on the contrary cleansed him by such treatment as He had said. Again, this centurion saith, "Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed: "12 and "marvelling" at him, He said, "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel."13
Now, to convince thee of this by the opposite also; Martha having said nothing of this sort, but on the contrary, "Whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, He will give Thee;"14 so far from being praised, although an acquaintance, and dear to Him, and one of them that had shown great zeal toward Him, she was rather rebuked and corrected by Him, as not having spoken well; in that He said to her, "Said I not unto thee, that if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God?"15 blaming her, as though she did not even yet believe. And again, because she had said, "Whatsoever Thou wilt ask of God, He will give Thee;" to lead her away from such a surmise, and to teach her that He needs not to receive from another, but is Himself the fountain of all good things, He saith, "I am the resurrection and the life;"16 that is to say, "I wait not to receive active power,17 but work all of myself."
Wherefore at the centurion He both marvels, and prefers him to all the people, and honors him with the gift of the kingdom, and provokes the rest to the same zeal. And to show thee that for this end He so spake, viz. for the instructing of the rest to believe in like manner, listen to the exactness of the evangelist. how he hath intimated it. For,
"Jesus," saith He, "turned Him about, and said to them that followed Him, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel."18
It follows, that to have high imaginations concerning Him, this especially is of faith, and tends to procure the kingdom and His other blessings. For neither did His praise reach to words only, but He both restored the sick man whole, in recompence of his faith, and weaves for him a glorious crown, and promises great gifts, saying on this wise,
"Many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down in the bosoms of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob; but the children of the kingdom shall be cast out."19
Thus, since He had shown many miracles, He proceeds to talk with them more unreservedly.
Then, that no one might suppose His words to come of flattery, but that all might be aware that such was the mind of the centurion, He saith,
"Go thy way; as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee."20
And straightway the work followed, bearing witness to his character.21
"And his servant was healed from that hour."
Which was the result in the case of the Syrophoenician woman also; for to her too He saith, "O woman, great is thy faith; be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made whole."22
3. But since Luke, also relating this miracle, inserts by the way a good many other things, which seem to indicate some disagreement; these too must be explained by us.
What then saith Luke? He sent elders of the Jews unto Him entreating Him to come.23 But Matthew saith, that he approached himself, and said, "I am not worthy." And some indeed say, the one is not the same as the other, though they have many points of resemblance. Thus, of the one it is said, that "He both hath builded our synagogue, and loveth our nation; "24 but concerning this other Jesus Himself saith, "I have not found so great faith, no not in Israel." And touching the former, He did not say, "many shall come from the east;" whence it is likely that he was a Jew.
What then are we to say? That this solution is indeed easy, but the question is, whether it be true. To me this one seems to be the same as the other. How then, it may be asked, doth Matthew relate, that he himself said, "I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof," but Luke, that he sent for Christ to come? To me Luke seems to be intimating to us the flattery of the Jews; and that persons in affliction, being unsettled, form to themselves many different counsels. For it is likely that the centurion, when he wished to have gone, was stopped by the Jews, flattering him, and saying, "We will go and bring Him."
See at least that even their entreaty is full of flattering. "For He loveth our nation" (so it runs), "and our synagogue He builded:"25 neither know they for what to praise the man. For whereas they ought to have said, He was minded himself to come and entreat Thee, "but we forbad him, seeing his affliction, and the calamity lying upon his house;" and so they should have set forth the greatness of his faith; this they say not, for neither were they willing, for envy, to declare the man's faith: but they chose rather to cast a shade over his virtue, for whom they had come to make their supplication, lest He who was entreated, should seem to be some great one; than by proclaiming the other's faith, to accomplish that for which they had come. For envy is enough to blind the understanding. But He who knows the secret things, even against their will proclaimed that centurion.
And that this is true, hear Luke himself again, interpreting it. For he himself saith on this wise: "When He was now not far off, he sent, saying, O Lord, trouble not Thyself: for I am not worthy that Thou shouldest enter under my roof."26 That is, when he was freed from their importunity, then he sends, saying, "Think not it was for sloth that I came not, but I accounted myself unworthy to receive Thee in my house." And if Matthew saith that not by his friends, but by himself did he say this; that proves27 nothing; for the question is, whether each of them has set before us the zealousness of the man, and his having had the right opinion concerning Christ. But it is likely, that after sending his friends, he himself also came and said these things. And if Luke did not speak of the one, no more did Matthew of the other; and this is not the part of men disagreeing amongst themselves, but rather of those that are filling up the things omitted by one another. But see by another thing also how Luke hath proclaimed his faith, saying that his servant "was ready to die."28 Nevertheless, not even this cast him into despondency, neither did it cause him to give up: but even so he trusted that he should prevail. And if Matthew affirm Christ to have said, "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel," and hereby to show clearly that he was not an Israelite; while Luke saith, "He built our synagogue;" neither is this a contradiction. For it was possible for one, even though not a Jew, both to build the synagogue, and to love the nation.
4. But do not thou, I pray thee, merely inquire what was said by him, but add thereto his rank also, and then thou wilt see the man's excellency. Because in truth great is the pride of them that are in places of command, and not even in afflictions do they take lower ground. He, for example, who is set down in John, is for dragging Him unto his house, and saith, "Come down, for my child is ready to die."29 But not so this man; rather he is far superior both to him, and to those who let down the bed through the roof For he seeks not for His bodily presence, neither did He bring the sick man near the physician; a thing which implied no mean imaginations concerning Him, but rather a suspicion of His divine dignity. And he saith, "speak the word only." And at the beginning he saith not even, "speak the word," but only describe his affliction: for neither did he, of great humility, expect that Christ would straightway consent, and inquire for his house. Therefore, when he heard Him say, "I will come and heal him," then, not before he saith, "speak the word." Nor yet did the suffering confound him, but still under calamity he reasons coolly,30 not looking so much to the health of the servant, as to the avoiding all appearance of doing anything irreverent.
And yet it was not he that pressed it, but Christ that offered it: nevertheless even so he feared, lest perchance he should be thought to be going beyond his own deservings, and to be drawing upon himself a thing above his strength.31 Seest thou his wisdom? Mark the folly of the Jews, in saying, "He was worthy for whom He should do the favor."32 For when they should have taken refuge in the love of Jesus towards man, they rather allege this man's worthiness; and know not so much as on what ground to allege it. But not so he, but he affirmed himself even in the utmost degree unworthy, not only of the benefit, but even of receiving the Lord in his house. Wherefore even when he said, "My servant lieth sick," he did not add, "speak," for fear lest he should be unworthy to obtain the gift; but he merely made known his affliction. And when he saw Christ zealous in His turn, not even so did he spring forward, but still continues to keep to the end his own proper measure.
And if any one should say, "wherefore did not Christ honor him in return?" we would say this, that He did make return to him in honor, and that exceedingly: first by bringing out his mind, which thing chiefly appeared by His not coming to his house; and in the second place, by introducing him into His kingdom, and preferring him to the whole Jewish nation. For because he made himself out unworthy even to receive Christ into his house, he became worthy both of a kingdom, and of attaining unto those good things which Abraham enjoyed.
"But wherefore," one may say, "was not the leper commended, who showed forth things greater than these?" For he did not so much as say, "speak the word," but what was far more, "be willing only," which is what the prophet saith concerning the Father, "He hath done whatsoever He pleased."33 But he also was commended. For when He said, "Offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them,"34 He means nothing else but, "thou shalt be an accuser of them, in that thou didst believe." And besides, it was not the same for one that was a Jew to believe, and for one from without that nation. For that the centurion was not a Jew is evident, both from his being a centurion and from its being said, "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel." And it was a very great thing for a man who was out of the list of the Jewish people to admit so great a thought. For he did no less than imagine to himself, as it seems to me, the armies in Heaven; or that the diseases and death, and everything else, were so subject to Him, as his soldiers to himself.
Wherefore he said likewise, "For I also am a man set under authority;" that is, Thou art God, and I man; I under authority, but Thou not under authority. If I therefore, being a man, and under authority, can do so much; far more He, both as God, and as not under authority. Thus with the strongest expression He desires to convince Him, that he saith this, as one giving not a similar example, but one far exceeding. For if I (said he), being equal in honor to them whom I command, and under authority, yet by reason of the trifling superiority of my rank am able to do such great things; and no man contradicts me, but what I command, that is done, though the injunctions be various ("for I say to this man, go, and he goeth; and to another, come, and he cometh":35 ) much more wilt Thou Thyself be able.
And some actually read the place in this way, "For if I, being a man," and having inserted a stop, they add, "having soldiers under authority under me."
But mark thou, I pray thee, how he signified that Christ is able both to overcome even death as a slave, and to command it as its master. For in saying, "come, and he cometh," and "go, and he goeth;" he expresses this: "If Thou shouldest command his end not to come upon him, it will not come."
Seest thou how believing he was? For that which was afterwards to be manifest to all, here is one who already hath made it evident; that He hath power both of death and of life, and "leadeth down to the gates of hell, and bringeth up again."36 Nor was he speaking of soldiers only, but also of slaves; which related to a more entire obedience.
5. But nevertheless, though having such great faith, he still accounted himself to be unworthy. Christ however, signifying that he was worthy to have Him enter into his house, did much greater things, marvelling at him, and proclaiming him, and giving more than he had asked. For he came indeed seeking for his servant health of body, but went away, having received a kingdom. Seest thou how the saying had been already fulfilled, "Seek ye the kingdom of heaven, and all these things shall be added unto you."37 For, because he evinced great faith, and lowliness of mind, He both gave him heaven, and added unto him health.
And not by this alone did He honor him, but also by signifying upon whose casting out he is brought in. For now from this time forth He proceeds to make known to all, that salvation is by faith, not by works of the law. And this is why not to Jews only, but to Gentiles also the gift so given shall be proffered, and to the latter rather than to the former. For "think not," saith He, "by any means, that so it hath come to pass in regard of this man alone; nay, so it shall be in regard of the whole world. And this He said, prophesying of the Gentiles, and suggesting to them good hopes. For in fact there were some following Him from Galilee of the Gentiles. And this He said, on the one hand, not letting the Gentiles despair, on the other, putting down the proud spirits of the Jews.
But that His saying might not affront38 the hearers, nor afford them any handle; He neither brings forward prominently what He hath to say of the Gentiles, but upon occasion taken from the centurion; nor doth He use nakedly the term, Gentiles: not saying, "many of the Gentiles," but, "many from east and west:"39 which was the language of one pointing out the Gentiles, but did not so much affront the hearers, because His meaning was under a shadow.
Neither in this way only doth He soften the apparent novelty of His doctrine, but also by speaking of "Abraham's bosom" instead of "the kingdom." For neither was that term familiar to them:40 moreover, the introduction of Abraham would be a sharper sting to them. Wherefore John also spake nothing at first concerning hell, but, what was most apt to grieve them, He saith, "Think not to say, we are children of Abraham."41
He is providing for another point also; not to seem in any sense opposed to the ancient polity. For he that admires the patriarchs, and speaks of their bosom as an inheritance of blessings, doth much more than sufficiently remove also this suspicion.
Let no man therefore suppose that the threat is one only, for both the punishment of the one and the joy of the other is double: of the one, not only that they fell away, but that they fell away from their own; of the other, not only that they attained, but that they attained what they had no expectation of: and there is a third together with these, that the one received what pertained to the other. And he calls them "children of the kingdom," for whom the kingdom had been prepared: which also more than all was apt to gall them; in that having pointed to them as being in their bosom by His offer and promise, after all He puts them out.
6. Then, because what He had said was mere affirmation, He confirms it by the miracle; as indeed He shows the miracles in their turn, by the subsequent accomplishment of the prediction. He accordingly, who disbelieves the health which the servant then received, let him from the prophecy, which hath this day come to pass, believe that other also. For so that prophecy again, even before the event, was made manifest to all by the sign which then took place. To this end, you see, having first uttered that prediction, then and not before He raised up the sick of the palsy; that He might make the future credible by the present, and the less by the greater. Since for virtuous men to enjoy His good things, and for the contrary sort to undergo His penalties, were nothing improbable, but a reasonable event, and according to the tenor of laws: but to brace up the feeble, and to raise the dead, was something beyond nature.
But nevertheless, unto this great and marvellous work the centurion too contributed no little; which thing, we see, Christ also declared, saying, "Go thy way, and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee." Seest thou how the health of the servant proclaimed aloud both Christ's power, and the faith of the centurion, and also became a pledge of the future? Or rather it was all a proclamation of Christ's power. For not only did He quite heal the servant's body, but the soul also of the centurion He did Himself bring over unto the faith by His miracles.
And do thou look not to this only, that the one believed, and the other was healed, but marvel how quickly also. For this too the evangelist declared, saying, "And his servant was healed in the self-same hour:" even as of the leper also he said, "he was straightway cleansed." For not by healing, but by doing so both in a wonderful manner and in a moment of time, did He display His power. Neither in this way only doth He profit us, but also by his constant practice, in the manifestation of His miracles, of opening incidentally His discourses about His kingdom, and of drawing all men towards it. For, those even whom He was threatening to cast out, He threatened not in order to cast them out, but in order that through such fear, He might draw them into it by His words. And if not even hereby were they profited, theirs is the whole blame, as also of all who are in the like distemper.
For not at all among Jews only may one see this taking place, but also among them that have believed. For Judas too was a child of the kingdom, and it was said to him with the disciples, "Ye shall sit on twelve thrones;"42 yet he became a child of hell whereas the Ethiopian, barbarian as he was, and of them "from the east and west," shall enjoy the crowns with Abraham, and Isaac; and Jacob. This takes place among us also now. "For many," saith He, "that are first shall be last, and the last first."43 And this He saith, that neither the one may grow languid, as unable to return; nor the others be confident, as standing fast. This John also declared before from the beginning, when he said, "God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham."44 Thus, since it was so to come to pass, it is proclaimed long before; that no one may be confounded at the strangeness of the event. But he indeed speaks of it as a possible thing (for he was first); Christ on the other hand as what will surely be, affording the proof of it from His works.
7. Let us not then be confident, who stand, but let us say to ourselves, "Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall;"45 neither let us who are fallen despair, but let us say to ourselves, "He that falleth, doth he not arise?"46 For many even who have mounted to the very summit of Heaven, and have shown forth all austerity, and had made their abode in the deserts, nor saw any woman so much as in a dream; having become a little remiss, have been tripped up, and have come unto the very gulf of wickedness. While others again from thence have gone up to Heaven, and from the stage and orchestra have passed over unto the discipline of angels, and have displayed so great virtue, as to drive away devils, and to work many other such miracles. And of these examples both the Scriptures are full, and our life is also full. Even whoremongers and effeminate persons stop the mouths of the Manichaeans, who say that wickedness is immoveable, enrolling themselves on the devil's side, and weakening the hands of them that would wish to be in earnest, and overturning all our life.
For they who inculcate these things, not only injure men as to the future, but here also turn all things upside down, for their own part at least. Because when will any regard virtue, from among those that are living in wickedness, so long as he accounts his return that way, and His change for the better, a thing impossible? For if now, when both laws exist, and penalties are threatened, and there is common opinion to recall the ordinary sort, and hell is looked for, and a kingdom promised, and wrong things reproached, and the good praised; hardly do any choose the labors that are to be undergone for virtue's sake: shouldest thou take away all these things, what is there to hinder ruin and corruption universal ?
Knowing therefore the devil's craft, and that as well the lawgivers of the Gentiles as the oracles of God, and the reasonings of nature, and the common opinion of all men, yea barbarians, and Scythians, and Thracians, and generally all, are directly opposed both to these, and to such as strive to enact the doctrines of fate: let us be sober, beloved, and bidding farewell to all those, let us travel along the narrow way, being both confident and in fear: in fear because of the precipices on either side, confident because of Jesus our guide. Let us travel on, sober and wakeful. For though but for a little while one slumber, he is swept away quickly.
8. For we are not more perfect than David, who by a little carelessness was hurled into the very gulf of sin. Yet he arose again quickly. Look not then to his having sinned only, but also to his having washed away his sin. For to this end He wrote that history, not that thou shouldest behold him fallen, but admire him risen; to teach thee, when thou art fallen, how thou shouldest arise. Thus, as physicians choose out the most grievous diseases, and write them in their books, and teach their method of cure in similar cases; if so be men having practised on the greater, may easily master the less; even so God likewise hath brought forward the greatest of sins, that they also who offend in small things may find the cure of these easy, by means of the other: since if those admitted of healing, much more the less.
Let us look then to the manner both of the sickness, and of the speedy recovery of that blessed man. What then was the manner of his sickness? He committed adultery and murder. For I shrink not from proclaiming these things with a loud voice. Since if the Holy Ghost thought it no shame to record47 all this history, much less ought we to draw any shade over it. Wherefore I not only proclaim it, but I add another circumstance also. For in fact, whosoever hide these things, they most of all men throw his virtue into the shade. And as they that say nothing of the battle with Goliath deprive him of no small crowns, so also they that hurry by this history. Doth not my saying seem a paradox? Nay, wait a little, and then ye shall know that with reason have we said this. For to this end do I magnify the sin, and make my statement stranger, that I may the more abundantly provide the medicines.
What is it then which I add? The man's virtue; which makes the fault also greater. For all things are not judged alike in all men. "For mighty" men (it is said) "shall be mightily tormented: "48 and "He that knew his Lord's will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes."49 So that more knowledge is a ground of more punishment. For this same reason the priest, if he commit the same sin as those under government, shall not have the same to endure, but things far more grievous.
Perhaps, seeing the charge against him amplified, ye tremble and fear, and marvel at me, as though I were going down a precipice. But I am so confident on that righteous man's behalf, that I will proceed even farther; for the more I aggravate the charge, so much the more shall I be able to show forth the praise of David.
"And what more than this," you will say, "can be uttered?" Abundantly more. For as in the case of Cain, what was done was not a murder only, but worse than even many murders; for it was not a stranger, but a brother, whom he slew; and a brother who had not done but suffered wrong; not after many murderers, but having first originated the horrid crime: so here too that which was perpetrated was not murder only. For it was no ordinary man that did it, but a prophet: and he slays not him that had done wrong, but him that had suffered wrong; for indeed he had been mortally wronged, by the forcing away his wife: nevertheless after that he added this also.
9. Perceive ye, how I have not spared that righteous one? how without any the least reserve I have mentioned his offenses? But yet, so confident am I concerning his defense, that after so great load as this of his sin, I would there were present both the Manichaeans who most deride all this, and they that are diseased in Marcion's way,50 that I might fully stop their mouths. For they indeed say "he committed murder and adultery;" but I say not this only, but have also proved the murder to be twofold, first from him who suffered the wrong, then from the quality of the person who offended. For it is not the same thing, for one to whom the Spirit was vouchsafed, and on whom so great benefits had been conferred, and who had been admitted to such freedom of speech, and at such a time of life, to venture on crimes of that sort; as without all these, to commit this self-same thing. Nevertheless even in this respect is that illustrious man most of all worthy of admiration, that when he had fallen into the very pit of wickedness, he did not sink nor despair, nor cast himself down in supineness, on receiving of the devil so fatal a wound; but quickly, or rather straightway, and with great force, he gave a more fatal blow than he had received.
And the same thing occurred, as if in war and in battle some barbarian had struck his spear into the heart of a chieftain, or shot an arrow into his liver, and had added to the former wound a second more fatal than it, and he that had received these grievous blows, when fallen, and wallowing in much blood all about him, were first to rise up quickly, then to hurl a spear at him that wounded him, and exhibit him dead on the ground in a moment. Even so in this case also, the greater thou declarest the wound, so much the more admirable dost thou imply the soul of him that was wounded to be, that he had power after this grievous wound both to rise up again, and to stand in the very forefront of the battle array, and bear down him that had wounded him.
And how great a thing this is, they best know, whosoever are fallen into grievous sins. For it is not so much a proof of a generous and vigorous soul to walk upright, and to run all the way (for such a soul hath the good hope going along with it, to cheer and to rouse it, to nerve and render it more zealous); as after those innumerable crowns, and so many trophies, and victories, having undergone the utmost loss, to be able to resume the same course. And that what I say may be made plain, I will endeavor to bring before you another example, not at all inferior to the former.
For imagine, I pray thee, some pilot, when he had compassed seas without number, and sailed over the whole ocean; after those many storms, and rocks and waves, to sink, having with him a great freight, in the very mouth of the harbor, and hardly with his naked body to escape this grievous shipwreck; how would he naturally feel towards the sea, and navigation, and such labors? Will such a one then ever choose, unless he be of a very noble soul, to see a beach, or a vessel, or a harbor? I trow not; but he will lie hiding his face, seeing night all through the day, and shrinking from all things; and he will choose rather to live by begging, than to put his hand to the same labors.
But not such was this blessed man; but though he had undergone such a shipwreck, after those innumerable troubles and toils, he stayed not with his face covered, but launched his vessel, and having spread his sails, and taken the rudder in hand, he applies himself to the same labors, and hath made his wealth more abundant again. Now if to stand be so admirable, and not to lie down for ever after one has fallen; to rise up again, and to do such deeds, what crowns would not this deserve ?
And yet surely there were many things to drive him to despair; as first, the greatness of his sins; secondly, that not at the beginning of life, when our hopes also are more abundant, but near the end, these things befell him. For neither doth the merchant, who hath just gone out of the harbor and been wrecked, grieve equally with him, who after very many traffickings strikes on a rock. Thirdly, that when he had already obtained great wealth, he incurred this. Yea, for by that time he had stored up no small merchandise: for instance, the deeds of his early youth, when he was a shepherd; those about Goliath, when he set up the glorious trophy; those pertaining to his self-command respecting Saul. Since he showed forth even the evangelical long-suffering, in that he got his enemy ten thousand times into his hands, and continually spared him; and chose rather to be an outcast from his country and from liberty, and from life itself, than to slay him that was unjustly plotting against him. Likewise after his coming to the kingdom, there were noble deeds of his to no small amount.
And besides what I have said, his credit also among the many, and his fall from glory so bright, would cause no ordinary perplexity. For the purple did by no means so much adorn him, as the stain of his sin disgraced him. And ye know of course what a great thing it is for evil deeds to be exposed, and how great a soul is required in such an one, not to despond after the censure of the multitude, and when he hath so many witnesses of his own offenses.
Nevertheless all these darts that noble person drew out of his soul, and so shone forth after this, so wiped out the stain, became so pure, that his offspring even after his death had their sins mitigated by him: and that which was said of Abraham, we find God saying the same of this man also; or rather, much more of the latter. For with respect to the patriarch it is said, "I remembered my covenant with Abraham;"51 but here He saith not "the covenant," but how? "I will defend this city for my servant David's sake."52 And besides, on account of His favor towards him, He suffered not Solomon to fall from the kingdom. great as the sin was which he had committed. And so great was the glory of the man, that Peter, so many years after, in exhorting the Jews, spake on this wise: "Let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried."53 And Christ too, discoursing with the Jews, signifies him after his sin to have had the Spirit vouchsafed to such a degree, that he was counted worthy to prophesy again even concerning His Godhead; and thereby stopping their mouths, He said, "How then doth David in spirit call Him Lord, saying, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand ?"54 And much as with Moses, so it fell out also with David. For as Miriam, even against Moses' will, was punished by God for insolence to her brother,55 because He greatly loved the holy man; even so this man, injuriously treated by his son, God did swiftly avenge, and that against his will.
These things then are sufficient, yea rather before all others these are sufficient to indicate the man's excellency. For when God pronounces His judgment, we ought to inquire no further. But if ye would become particularly acquainted with His self command, ye may by perusing his history after his sin, perceive his confidence towards God, his benevolence, his growth in virtue, his strictness unto his last breath.
10. Having then these examples, let us be sober, and let us strive not to despond, and if at any time we fall, not to lie prostrate. For not to east you into slothfulness, did I speak of the sins of David, but to work in you more fear. For if that righteous man through a little remissness received such wounds, what shall we have to suffer, who are every day negligent? Do not therefore look at his fall, and be remiss, but consider what great things he did even after this, what great mournings, how much repentance he showed forth, adding his nights to his days, pouring forth fountains of tears, washing his couch with his tears, withal clothing himself in sackcloth.
Now if he needed so great a conversion, when will it be possible for us to be saved, feeling insensible after so many sins? For he that hath many good deeds, would easily even by this throw a shade over his sins; but he that is unarmed, wherever he may receive a dart, receives a mortal wound.
In order therefore that this may not be so, let us arm ourselves with good works; and if any offense have befallen us, let us wash it away: that we may be counted worthy, after having lived the present life to the glory of God, to enjoy the life to come; unto which may we all attain, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to 'whom be glory and might forever and ever. Amen.
This document (last modified February 03, 1998) from the Christian Classics Electronic Library server, at @Wheaton College
THE CENTURION’S SERVANT HEALED
EXPLANATION BY SAINT JOHN CHRYSOSTOM
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Home > Fathers of the Church > Homilies on Matthew (Chrysostom) > Homily 26
Homily 26 on Matthew
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Matt. VIII. 5.
And when He was entered into Capernaum, there came unto Him a centurion, beseeching Him, and saying, Lord, my servant lies at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented.
The leper came unto Him when He had come down from the mountain, but this centurion, when He was entered into Capernaum. Wherefore then did neither the one nor the other go up into the mountain? Not out of remissness, for indeed the faith of them both was fervent, but in order not to interrupt His teaching.
But having come unto Him, he says, My servant lies at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. Now some say, that by way of excuse he mentioned also the cause, why he had not brought him. For neither was it possible, says he, paralyzed as he was, and tormented, and at his last gasp, to lift and convey him. For that he was at the point of expiring, Luke says; He was even ready to die. But I say, this is a sign of his having great faith, even much greater than theirs, who let one down through the roof. Luke 5:19 For because he knew for certain, that even a mere command was enough for the raising up of the patient, he thought it superfluous to bring him.
What then does Jesus? What He had in no case done before, here He does. For whereas on every occasion He was used to follow the wish of His supplicants, here He rather springs toward it, and offers not only to heal him, but also to come to the house. And this He does, that we might learn the virtue of the centurion. For if He had not made this offer, but had said, Go your way, let your servant be healed; we should have known none of these things.
This at least He did, in an opposite way, in the case also of the Phœnician woman. For here, when not summoned to the house, of His own accord He says, He will come, that you might learn the centurion's faith and great humility; but in the case of the Phœnician woman, He both refuses the grant, and drives her, persevering therein, to great perplexity.
For being a wise physician and full of resources, He knows how to bring about contraries the one by the other. And as here by His freely-offered coming, so there by His peremptory putting off and denial, He unfolds the woman's faith. So likewise He does in Abraham's case, saying, I will by no means hide from Abraham my servant; to make you know that man's kindly affection, and his care for Sodom. And in the instance of Lot, Genesis 19:2 they that were sent refuse to enter into his house, to make you know the greatness of that righteous man's hospitality.
What then says the centurion? I am not worthy that you should come under my roof. Matthew 8:8 Let us hearken, as many as are to receive Christ: for it is possible to receive Him even now. Let us hearken, and emulate, and receive Him with as great zeal; for indeed, when you receive a poor man who is hungry and naked, you have received and cherished Him.
2. But say in a word only, and my servant shall be healed.
See this man also, how, like the leper, he has the right opinion touching Him. For neither did this one say, entreat, nor did he say, pray, and beseech, but command only. And then from fear lest out of modesty He refuse, he says,
For I also am a man under authority, having under me soldiers; and I say to this man, go, and he goes; and to another, come, and he comes; and to my servant, do this, and he does it. Matthew 8:4
And what of that, says one, if the centurion did suspect it to be so? For the question is, whether Christ affirmed and ratified as much. You speak well, and very sensibly. Let us then look to this very thing; and we shall find what happened in the case of the leper, the same happening here likewise. For even as the leper said, If you will (and not from the leper only are we positive about His authority, but also from the voice of Christ; in that, so far from putting an end to the suspicion, He did even confirm it more, by adding what were else superfluous to say, in the phrase, I will, be thou cleansed, in order to establish that man's doctrine): so here too, it is right to see whether any such thing occurred. In fact, we shall find this same thing again taking place. For when the centurion had spoken such words, and had testified His so great prerogative; so far from blaming, He did even approve it, and did somewhat more than approve it. For neither has the evangelist said, that He praised the saying only, but declaring a certain earnestness in His praise, that He even marvelled; and neither did He simply marvel, but in the presence also of the whole people, and set Him as an example to the rest, that they should emulate Him.
Do you see how each of them that bore witness of His authority is marvelled at? And the multitudes were astonished at His doctrine, because He taught as one having authority; Matthew 7:29 and so far from blaming them, He both took them with Him when He came down, and by His words of cleansing to the leper, confirmed their judgment. Again, that leper said, If you will, you can make me clean; Matthew 8:2 and so far from rebuking, He on the contrary cleansed him by such treatment as He had said. Again, this centurion says, Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed: Matthew 8:8 and marvelling at him, He said, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel.
Now, to convince you of this by the opposite also; Martha having said nothing of this sort, but on the contrary, Whatsoever you will ask of God, He will give You; John 11:22 so far from being praised, although an acquaintance, and dear to Him, and one of them that had shown great zeal toward Him, she was rather rebuked and corrected by Him, as not having spoken well; in that He said to her, Said I not unto you, that if you would believe, you should see the glory of God? John 11:40 blaming her, as though she did not even yet believe. And again, because she had said, Whatsoever You will ask of God, He will give You; to lead her away from such a surmise, and to teach her that He needs not to receive from another, but is Himself the fountain of all good things, He says, I am the resurrection and the life; John 11:25 that is to say, I wait not to receive active power, but work all of myself.
Wherefore at the centurion He both marvels, and prefers him to all the people, and honors him with the gift of the kingdom, and provokes the rest to the same zeal. And to show you that for this end He so spoke, viz. for the instructing of the rest to believe in like manner, listen to the exactness of the evangelist, how he has intimated it. For,
Jesus, says he, turned Him about, and said to them that followed Him, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel.
It follows, that to have high imaginations concerning Him, this especially is of faith, and tends to procure the kingdom and His other blessings. For neither did His praise reach to words only, but He both restored the sick man whole, in recompence of his faith, and weaves for him a glorious crown, and promises great gifts, saying on this wise,
Many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down in the bosoms of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob; but the children of the kingdom shall be cast out.
Thus, since He had shown many miracles, He proceeds to talk with them more unreservedly.
Then, that no one might suppose His words to come of flattery, but that all might be aware that such was the mind of the centurion, He says,
Go your way; as you have believed, so be it done unto you. Matthew 8:13
And straightway the work followed, bearing witness to his character. nothing; for the question is, whether each of them has set before us the zealousness of the man, and his having had the right opinion concerning Christ. But it is likely, that after sending his friends, he himself also came and said these things. And if Luke did not speak of the one, no more did Matthew of the other; and this is not the part of men disagreeing among themselves, but rather of those that are filling up the things omitted by one another. But see by another thing also how Luke has proclaimed his faith, saying that his servant was ready to die. Luke 7:2 Nevertheless, not even this cast him into despondency, neither did it cause him to give up: but even so he trusted that he should prevail. And if Matthew affirm Christ to have said, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel, and hereby to show clearly that he was not an Israelite; while Luke says, He built our synagogue; neither is this a contradiction. For it was possible for one, even though not a Jew, both to build the synagogue, and to love the nation.
4. But do not thou, I pray you, merely inquire what was said by him, but add thereto his rank also, and then you will see the man's excellency. Because in truth great is the pride of them that are in places of command, and not even in afflictions do they take lower ground. He, for example, who is set down in John, is for dragging Him unto his house, and says, Come down, for my child is ready to die. John 4:49 But not so this man; rather he is far superior both to him, and to those who let down the bed through the roof. For he seeks not for His bodily presence, neither did He bring the sick man near the physician; a thing which implied no mean imaginations concerning Him, but rather a suspicion of His divine dignity. And he says, speak the word only. And at the beginning he says not even, speak the word, but only describe his affliction: for neither did he, of great humility, expect that Christ would straightway consent, and inquire for his house. Therefore, when he heard Him say, I will come and heal him, then, not before he says, speak the word. Nor yet did the suffering confound him, but still under calamity he reasons coolly, not looking so much to the health of the servant, as to the avoiding all appearance of doing anything irreverent.
And yet it was not he that pressed it, but Christ that offered it: nevertheless even so he feared, lest perchance he should be thought to be going beyond his own deservings, and to be drawing upon himself a thing above his strength. Do you see his wisdom? Mark the folly of the Jews, in saying, He was worthy for whom He should do the favor. Luke 7:4 For when they should have taken refuge in the love of Jesus towards man, they rather allege this man's worthiness; and know not so much as on what ground to allege it. But not so he, but he affirmed himself even in the utmost degree unworthy, not only of the benefit, but even of receiving the Lord in his house. Wherefore even when he said, My servant lies sick, he did not add, speak, for fear lest he should be unworthy to obtain the gift; but he merely made known his affliction. And when he saw Christ zealous in His turn, not even so did he spring forward, but still continues to keep to the end his own proper measure.
And if any one should say, wherefore did not Christ honor him in return? we would say this, that He did make return to him in honor, and that exceedingly: first by bringing out his mind, which thing chiefly appeared by His not coming to his house; and in the second place, by introducing him into His kingdom, and preferring him to the whole Jewish nation. For because he made himself out unworthy even to receive Christ into his house, he became worthy both of a kingdom, and of attaining unto those good things which Abraham enjoyed.
But wherefore, one may say, was not the leper commended, who showed forth things greater than these? For he did not so much as say, speak the word, but what was far more, be willing only, which is what the prophet says concerning the Father, He has done whatsoever He pleased. But he also was commended. For when He said, Offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them, Matthew 8:4 He means nothing else but, you shall be an accuser of them, in that you believed. And besides, it was not the same for one that was a Jew to believe, and for one from without that nation. For that the centurion was not a Jew is evident, both from his being a centurion and from its being said, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. And it was a very great thing for a man who was out of the list of the Jewish people to admit so great a thought. For he did no less than imagine to himself, as it seems to me, the armies in Heaven; or that the diseases and death, and everything else, were so subject to Him, as his soldiers to himself.
Wherefore he said likewise, For I also am a man set under authority; that is, You are God, and I man; I under authority, but Thou not under authority. If I therefore, being a man, and under authority, can do so much; far more He, both as God, and as not under authority. Thus with the strongest expression he desires to convince Him, that he says this, as one giving not a similar example, but one far exceeding. For if I (said he), being equal in honor to them whom I command, and under authority, yet by reason of the trifling superiority of my rank am able to do such great things; and no man contradicts me, but what I command, that is done, though the injunctions be various (for I say to this man, go, and he goes; and to another, come, and he comes: Matthew 8:9) much more will You Yourself be able.
And some actually read the place in this way, For if I, being a man, and having inserted a stop, they add, having soldiers under authority under me.
But mark thou, I pray you, how he signified that Christ is able both to overcome even death as a slave, and to command it as its master. For in saying, come, and he comes, and go, and he goes; he expresses this: If You should command his end not to come upon him, it will not come.
Do you see how believing he was? For that which was afterwards to be manifest to all, here is one who already has made it evident; that He has power both of death and of life, and leads down to the gates of hell, and brings up again. 1 Samuel xxvi Nor was he speaking of soldiers only, but also of slaves; which related to a more entire obedience.
5. But nevertheless, though having such great faith, he still accounted himself to be unworthy. Christ however, signifying that he was worthy to have Him enter into his house, did much greater things, marvelling at him, and proclaiming him, and giving more than he had asked. For he came indeed seeking for his servant health of body, but went away, having received a kingdom. Do you see how the saying had been already fulfilled, Seek the kingdom of heaven, and all these things shall be added unto you. For, because he evinced great faith, and lowliness of mind, He both gave him heaven, and added unto him health.
And not by this alone did He honor him, but also by signifying upon whose casting out he is brought in. For now from this time forth He proceeds to make known to all, that salvation is by faith, not by works of the law. And this is why not to Jews only, but to Gentiles also the gift so given shall be proffered, and to the latter rather than to the former. For think not, says He, by any means, that so it has come to pass in regard of this man alone; nay, so it shall be in regard of the whole world. And this He said, prophesying of the Gentiles, and suggesting to them good hopes. For in fact there were some following Him from Galilee of the Gentiles. And this He said, on the one hand, not letting the Gentiles despair, on the other, putting down the proud spirits of the Jews.
But that His saying might not affront the hearers, nor afford them any handle; He neither brings forward prominently what He has to say of the Gentiles, but upon occasion taken from the centurion; nor does He use nakedly the term, Gentiles: not saying, many of the Gentiles, but, many from east and west: Matthew 8:11 which was the language of one pointing out the Gentiles, but did not so much affront the hearers, because His meaning was under a shadow.
Neither in this way only does He soften the apparent novelty of His doctrine, but also by speaking of Abraham's bosom instead of the kingdom. For neither was that term familiar to them: moreover, the introduction of Abraham would be a sharper sting to them. Wherefore John also spoke nothing at first concerning hell, but, what was most apt to grieve them, He says, Think not to say, we are children of Abraham. Matthew 3:9
He is providing for another point also; not to seem in any sense opposed to the ancient polity. For he that admires the patriarchs, and speaks of their bosom as an inheritance of blessings, does much more than sufficiently remove also this suspicion.
Let no man therefore suppose that the threat is one only, for both the punishment of the one and the joy of the other is double: of the one, not only that they fell away, but that they fell away from their own; of the other, not only that they attained, but that they attained what they had no expectation of: and there is a third together with these, that the one received what pertained to the other. And he calls them children of the kingdom, for whom the kingdom had been prepared: which also more than all was apt to gall them; in that having pointed to them as being in their bosom by His offer and promise, after all He puts them out.
6. Then, because what He had said was mere affirmation, He confirms it by the miracle; as indeed He shows the miracles in their turn, by the subsequent accomplishment of the prediction. He accordingly, who disbelieves the health which the servant then received, let him from the prophecy, which has this day come to pass, believe that other also. For so that prophecy again, even before the event, was made manifest to all by the sign which then took place. To this end, you see, having first uttered that prediction, then and not before He raised up the sick of the palsy; that He might make the future credible by the present, and the less by the greater. Since for virtuous men to enjoy His good things, and for the contrary sort to undergo His penalties, were nothing improbable, but a reasonable event, and according to the tenor of laws: but to brace up the feeble, and to raise the dead, was something beyond nature.
But nevertheless, unto this great and marvellous work the centurion too contributed no little; which thing, we see, Christ also declared, saying, Go your way, and as you have believed, so be it done unto you. Do you see how the health of the servant proclaimed aloud both Christ's power, and the faith of the centurion, and also became a pledge of the future? Or rather it was all a proclamation of Christ's power. For not only did He quite heal the servant's body, but the soul also of the centurion He did Himself bring over unto the faith by His miracles.
And do thou look not to this only, that the one believed, and the other was healed, but marvel how quickly also. For this too the evangelist declared, saying, And his servant was healed in the self-same hour: even as of the leper also he said, he was straightway cleansed. For not by healing, but by doing so both in a wonderful manner and in a moment of time, did He display His power. Neither in this way only does He profit us, but also by his constant practice, in the manifestation of His miracles, of opening incidentally His discourses about His kingdom, and of drawing all men towards it. For, those even whom He was threatening to cast out, He threatened not in order to cast them out, but in order that through such fear, He might draw them into it by His words. And if not even hereby were they profited, theirs is the whole blame, as also of all who are in the like distemper.
For not at all among Jews only may one see this taking place, but also among them that have believed. For Judas too was a child of the kingdom, and it was said to him with the disciples, You shall sit on twelve thrones; Matthew 19:28 yet he became a child of hell; whereas the Ethiopian, barbarian as he was, and of them from the east and west, shall enjoy the crowns with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob. This takes place among us also now. For many, says He, that are first shall be last, and the last first. Matthew 19:30 And this He says, that neither the one may grow languid, as unable to return; nor the others be confident, as standing fast. This John also declared before from the beginning, when he said, God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham. Matthew 3:9 Thus, since it was so to come to pass, it is proclaimed long before; that no one may be confounded at the strangeness of the event. But he indeed speaks of it as a possible thing (for he was first); Christ on the other hand as what will surely be, affording the proof of it from His works.
7. Let us not then be confident, who stand, but let us say to ourselves, Let him that thinks he stands take heed lest he fall; 1 Corinthians 10:12 neither let us who are fallen despair, but let us say to ourselves, He that falls, does he not arise? Jeremiah 8:4 For many even who have mounted to the very summit of Heaven, and have shown forth all austerity, and had made their abode in the deserts, nor saw any woman so much as in a dream; having become a little remiss, have been tripped up, and have come unto the very gulf of wickedness. While others again from thence have gone up to Heaven, and from the stage and orchestra have passed over unto the discipline of angels, and have displayed so great virtue, as to drive away devils, and to work many other such miracles. And of these examples both the Scriptures are full, and our life is also full. Even whoremongers and effeminate persons stop the mouths of the Manichæans, who say that wickedness is immoveable, enrolling themselves on the devil's side, and weakening the hands of them that would wish to be in earnest, and overturning all our life.
For they who inculcate these things, not only injure men as to the future, but here also turn all things upside down, for their own part at least. Because when will any regard virtue, from among those that are living in wickedness, so long as he accounts his return that way, and his change for the better, a thing impossible? For if now, when both laws exist, and penalties are threatened, and there is common opinion to recall the ordinary sort, and hell is looked for, and a kingdom promised, and wrong things reproached, and the good praised; hardly do any choose the labors that are to be undergone for virtue's sake: should you take away all these things, what is there to hinder ruin and corruption universal?
Knowing therefore the devil's craft, and that as well the lawgivers of the Gentiles as the oracles of God, and the reasonings of nature, and the common opinion of all men, yea barbarians, and Scythians, and Thracians, and generally all, are directly opposed both to these, and to such as strive to enact the doctrines of fate: let us be sober, beloved, and bidding farewell to all those, let us travel along the narrow way, being both confident and in fear: in fear because of the precipices on either side, confident because of Jesus our guide. Let us travel on, sober and wakeful. For though but for a little while one slumber, he is swept away quickly.
8. For we are not more perfect than David, who by a little carelessness was hurled into the very gulf of sin. Yet he arose again quickly. Look not then to his having sinned only, but also to his having washed away his sin. For to this end He wrote that history, not that you should behold him fallen, but admire him risen; to teach you, when you are fallen, how you should arise. Thus, as physicians choose out the most grievous diseases, and write them in their books, and teach their method of cure in similar cases; if so be men having practised on the greater, may easily master the less; even so God likewise has brought forward the greatest of sins, that they also who offend in small things may find the cure of these easy, by means of the other: since if those admitted of healing, much more the less.
Let us look then to the manner both of the sickness, and of the speedy recovery of that blessed man. What then was the manner of his sickness? He committed adultery and murder. For I shrink not from proclaiming these things with a loud voice. Since if the Holy Ghost thought it no shame to record all this history, much less ought we to draw any shade over it. Wherefore I not only proclaim it, but I add another circumstance also. For in fact, whosoever hide these things, they most of all men throw his virtue into the shade. And as they that say nothing of the battle with Goliath deprive him of no small crowns, so also they that hurry by this history. Does not my saying seem a paradox? Nay, wait a little, and then you shall know that with reason have we said this. For to this end do I magnify the sin, and make my statement stranger, that I may the more abundantly provide the medicines.
What is it then which I add? The man's virtue; which makes the fault also greater. For all things are not judged alike in all men. For mighty men (it is said) shall be mightily tormented: and He that knew his Lord's will, and does it not, shall be beaten with many stripes. Luke 12:47 So that more knowledge is a ground of more punishment. For this same reason the priest, if he commit the same sin as those under government, shall not have the same to endure, but things far more grievous.
Perhaps, seeing the charge against him amplified, you tremble and fear, and marvel at me, as though I were going down a precipice. But I am so confident on that righteous man's behalf, that I will proceed even farther; for the more I aggravate the charge, so much the more shall I be able to show forth the praise of David.
And what more than this, you will say, can be uttered? Abundantly more. For as in the case of Cain, what was done was not a murder only, but worse than even many murders; for it was not a stranger, but a brother, whom he slew; and a brother who had not done but suffered wrong; not after many murderers, but having first originated the horrid crime: so here too that which was perpetrated was not murder only. For it was no ordinary man that did it, but a prophet: and he slays not him that had done wrong, but him that had suffered wrong; for indeed he had been mortally wronged, by the forcing away his wife: nevertheless after that he added this also.
9. Perceive ye, how I have not spared that righteous one? How without any the least reserve I have mentioned his offenses? But yet, so confident am I concerning his defense, that after so great load as this of his sin, I would there were present both the Manichæans who most deride all this, and they that are diseased in Marcion's way, that I might fully stop their mouths. For they indeed say he committed murder and adultery; but I say not this only, but have also proved the murder to be twofold, first from him who suffered the wrong, then from the quality of the person who offended. For it is not the same thing, for one to whom the Spirit was vouchsafed, and on whom so great benefits had been conferred, and who had been admitted to such freedom of speech, and at such a time of life, to venture on crimes of that sort; as without all these, to commit this self-same thing. Nevertheless even in this respect is that illustrious man most of all worthy of admiration, that when he had fallen into the very pit of wickedness, he did not sink nor despair, nor cast himself down in supineness, on receiving of the devil so fatal a wound; but quickly, or rather straightway, and with great force, he gave a more fatal blow than he had received.
And the same thing occurred, as if in war and in battle some barbarian had struck his spear into the heart of a chieftain, or shot an arrow into his liver, and had added to the former wound a second more fatal than it, and he that had received these grievous blows, when fallen, and wallowing in much blood all about him, were first to rise up quickly, then to hurl a spear at him that wounded him, and exhibit him dead on the ground in a moment. Even so in this case also, the greater you declare the wound, so much the more admirable do you imply the soul of him that was wounded to be, that he had power after this grievous wound both to rise up again, and to stand in the very forefront of the battle array, and bear down him that had wounded him.
And how great a thing this is, they best know, whosoever are fallen into grievous sins. For it is not so much a proof of a generous and vigorous soul to walk upright, and to run all the way (for such a soul has the good hope going along with it, to cheer and to rouse it, to nerve and render it more zealous); as after those innumerable crowns, and so many trophies, and victories, having undergone the utmost loss, to be able to resume the same course. And that what I say may be made plain, I will endeavor to bring before you another example, not at all inferior to the former.
For imagine, I pray you, some pilot, when he had compassed seas without number, and sailed over the whole ocean; after those many storms, and rocks and waves, to sink, having with him a great freight, in the very mouth of the harbor, and hardly with his naked body to escape this grievous shipwreck; how would he naturally feel towards the sea, and navigation, and such labors? Will such a one then ever choose, unless he be of a very noble soul, to see a beach, or a vessel, or a harbor? I trow not; but he will lie hiding his face, seeing night all through the day, and shrinking from all things; and he will choose rather to live by begging, than to put his hand to the same labors.
But not such was this blessed man; but though he had undergone such a shipwreck, after those innumerable troubles and toils, he stayed not with his face covered, but launched his vessel, and having spread his sails, and taken the rudder in hand, he applies himself to the same labors, and has made his wealth more abundant again. Now if to stand be so admirable, and not to lie down for ever after one has fallen; to rise up again, and to do such deeds, what crowns would not this deserve?
And yet surely there were many things to drive him to despair; as first, the greatness of his sins; secondly, that not at the beginning of life, when our hopes also are more abundant, but near the end, these things befell him. For neither does the merchant, who has just gone out of the harbor and been wrecked, grieve equally with him, who after very many traffickings strikes on a rock. Thirdly, that when he had already obtained great wealth, he incurred this. Yea, for by that time he had stored up no small merchandise: for instance, the deeds of his early youth, when he was a shepherd; those about Goliath, when he set up the glorious trophy; those pertaining to his self-command respecting Saul. Since he showed forth even the evangelical long-suffering, in that he got his enemy ten thousand times into his hands, and continually spared him; and chose rather to be an outcast from his country and from liberty, and from life itself, than to slay him that was unjustly plotting against him. Likewise after his coming to the kingdom, there were noble deeds of his to no small amount.
And besides what I have said, his credit also among the many, and his fall from glory so bright, would cause no ordinary perplexity. For the purple did by no means so much adorn him, as the stain of his sin disgraced him. And ye know of course what a great thing it is for evil deeds to be exposed, and how great a soul is required in such an one, not to despond after the censure of the multitude, and when he has so many witnesses of his own offenses.
Nevertheless all these darts that noble person drew out of his soul, and so shone forth after this, so wiped out the stain, became so pure, that his offspring even after his death had their sins mitigated by him: and that which was said of Abraham, we find God saying the same of this man also; or rather, much more of the latter. For with respect to the patriarch it is said, I remembered my covenant with Abraham; Exodus 2:24 but here He says not the covenant, but how? I will defend this city for my servant David's sake. Isaiah 37:35 And besides, on account of His favor towards him, He suffered not Solomon to fall from the kingdom, great as the sin was which he had committed. And so great was the glory of the man, that Peter, so many years after, in exhorting the Jews, spoke on this wise: Let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried. Acts 2:29 And Christ too, discoursing with the Jews, signifies him after his sin to have had the Spirit vouchsafed to such a degree, that he was counted worthy to prophesy again even concerning His Godhead; and thereby stopping their mouths, He said, How then does David in spirit call Him Lord, saying, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit on my right hand? And much as with Moses, so it fell out also with David. For as Miriam, even against Moses' will, was punished by God for insolence to her brother, Numbers 12:13-14 because He greatly loved the holy man; even so this man, injuriously treated by his son, God did swiftly avenge, and that against his will.
These things then are sufficient, yea rather before all others these are sufficient to indicate the man's excellency. For when God pronounces His judgment, we ought to inquire no further. But if you would become particularly acquainted with His self command, you may by perusing his history after his sin, perceive his confidence towards God, his benevolence, his growth in virtue, his strictness unto his last breath.
10. Having then these examples, let us be sober, and let us strive not to despond, and if at any time we fall, not to lie prostrate. For not to cast you into slothfulness, did I speak of the sins of David, but to work in you more fear. For if that righteous man through a little remissness received such wounds, what shall we have to suffer, who are every day negligent? Do not therefore look at his fall, and be remiss, but consider what great things he did even after this, what great mournings, how much repentance he showed forth, adding his nights to his days, pouring forth fountains of tears, washing his couch with his tears, withal clothing himself in sackcloth.
Now if he needed so great a conversion, when will it be possible for us to be saved, feeling insensible after so many sins? For he that has many good deeds, would easily even by this throw a shade over his sins; but he that is unarmed, wherever he may receive a dart, receives a mortal wound.
In order therefore that this may not be so, let us arm ourselves with good works; and if any offense have befallen us, let us wash it away: that we may be counted worthy, after having lived the present life to the glory of God, to enjoy the life to come; unto which may we all attain, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory and might forever and ever. Amen.
Source. Translated by George Prevost and revised by M.B. Riddle. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 10. Edited by Philip Schaff. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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THE CENTURION’S SERVANT HEALED
EXPLANATION BY SAINT KYRELLOS I
THE TWENTY-FOURTH PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cyril_on_luke_03_sermons_26_38.htm#SERMON XXXV
SERMON XXXV.
7:1-10. And when He had ended all His words in the hearing of the people, He entered into Capernaum. And a certain centurion's servant who was dear unto him was sick, and near to die. And when he heard of Jesus, he sent unto Him elders of the Jews, beseeching Him to come and save his servant. And when they came unto Jesus, they besought Him earnestly, saying, that he is worthy that Thou shouldst grant this unto him: for he loveth our nation, and hath also built us himself a synagogue. And Jesus went with them. And when He was now not far distant from the house, the centurion sent his friends unto Him, saying unto Him, Lord, trouble not Thyself; for I am not sufficient that Thou shouldest enter under my roof: therefore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto Thee: but speak only with a word, and my child 17 will be healed. For I also am a man set under authority, having under me soldiers; and I say to this one, Go, and he goeth: and to another, Come, and he cometh: and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. And when Jesus heard these things, He marvelled at him, and turned Himself, and said to the multitude that followed Him, I say unto you, that I have not found so great faith even in Israel. And when they who had been sent returned unto the house, they found the servant whole.
THE wise Evangelist filleth our minds with sacred lessons, and endeavours to throw abundant light upon whatever makes our faith assured: for this is the object of his tidings concerning Christ. Very appropriately therefore he introduces Him as at one time teaching the holy Apostles 128 things superior to the service enacted in the law, and pointing out to them a path new and untrodden by them of old time of the conversation that becometh saints: and at another, he very beautifully displays to us the manifestation of a godlike power, in order that in every way it may be known that the Only-begotten Word of the Father is very God even though He became flesh, that is, man,----" and produces every thing by the word of his power:"----as is proved unto us by the examination of what is written concerning Him.
When then, so to speak, he had satiated the holy Apostles with the most perfect doctrines, and had set before them a banquet of evangelical commands, and had mingled the wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and very clearly told them the means by which they would become triumphant and praiseworthy, He goes down to Capernaum. And there also He works a great and wonderful deed, worthy of the greatness of His majesty: there a glorious theatre was moved with astonishment, in which angels and men were spectators. For Israel is rebuked, and is dull of understanding, and unready for faith: while the multitude of the heathen, in mind at least, is ready thoroughly both to understand and believe: so that Christ is seen by just decree rejecting His servant Israel, while He accepts and honours and crowns by His grace those who of old served the creature apart from the Creator: who were in gloom and darkness, and without the knowledge of God: and had bowed the neck of their slavish mind to the wickedness of demons.
What, then, was that which was accomplished, or what was the miracle? There 18 was a pious man, distinguished for the excellence of his conduct, and the commander of a body of soldiers, who was a fellow inhabitant with the people of Capernaum. A faithful servant of his as it chanced fell sick, and, so to speak, had already reached the gates of death, and to all appearance was now at his last gasp. "And he was dear to him," so that he was pierced with anguish. What remedy, then, can he find for what has happened, or what aid can he procure for him who is lying ill? "He heard, it says, the 129 things of Jesus;" and so he sends unto Him, asking of Him manifestly as of God things that exceed the nature and power of man. For his request was, that one who was laid prostrate in the last stage of sickness might be delivered from the bands of death. And whence, then, did he know Jesus, since he was not as yet of the number of those who believed on Him? for hitherto he had been one of the mass wandering in error. He heard, it says, the things concerning Him. And since certainly he had never heard His personal instruction, nor seen any of His miracles, nor had met with the writings of Moses, nor searched the divine Scriptures, he could only have attained to faith in Him from simple rumours and hearsays. But as being fully assured that by the mere act of His will He could accomplish his request, he sends as supplicants in his behalf the principal men of the Jews; and these wore the elders.
Upon their arrival they offer their request, saying, "that he is worthy that Thou shouldest grant this unto him." O marvellous act! They who slandered Christ's glory, request Him to work a miracle! Those who refused to believe in Him, ask Him to display before men who had not yet believed such acts as lead on to faith! Tell me in what character dost thou approach with thy request? Dost thou know and believe that He is able to perform things that are the prerogative of God? Art thou fully convinced that it belongs solely to the supreme Substance, Who is above all, to be able to make alive, and to deliver men from the snares of death? If so, how then didst thou say when thou sawest Jesus working miracles, "This man casteth not out devils but by Beelzebub, Prince of the devils?" And when that man who had been blind from his mother's womb was wonderfully healed, and gained an unwonted light, thou advisedst him, saying, "Give God the glory, we know that this man is a sinner." Dost thou then ask this sinner, as thou calledst Him, to perform an act of Deity? Is not this madness, and sheer stupidity? Are not those who hitherto had not believed far better than those who had been taught by the law and the prophets?
Wouldst thou see the fact that such is the case and such only? Observe what follows; The Saviour had now sot out upon His way to restore the sick man: but the centurion sent unto Him, saying, "Lord, trouble not Thyself; but speak 130 with a word, and my child will be healed." Consider then, that these elders of the Jews begged Jesus to go to the house of him who requested His aid, as not being able in any other way to raise him up who was lying ill, except by going to his side: ----whereas the other believed that He could do it even at a distance, and effect it by the inclination of His will. He asked for the saving word, the loving assent, the all mighty utterance; and justly therefore did he win a sentence of surpassing worth: for Jesus said, "Verily I say unto you, that not even in Israel have I found so great faith." The proof then and demonstration, follows closely and immediately from what we have now said. Finally, He delivered that same hour from his sickness him who a little before had been the prey of death: for He Who willed the undoing of what had happened was God. As I said then at the beginning of this discourse, by God's holy decree Israel fell from his relationship unto Him, and in his stead the heathen wore called and admitted, as having a heart better prepared for that faith in Him, which justly is required. And of this the divine Psalmist shall again be our proof, where he says concerning them; at one time, "Thou hast inclined Thine ear because of the preparation of their heart;" and at another, "Many were their infirmities, and afterwards they went quickly." For many indeed were the offences laid to their charge, to which he gently gives the name of infirmities: for they were wandering in error, and guilty of abominable crimes, not merely in one way, but in many: but they went quickly to the faith, that is, they were not slow in accepting the commands of Christ, but very readily embraced the faith. For that they were to be caught in Christ's net, He teacheth thee where He saith by one of the holy prophets, "For this wait for Me, saith the Lord, until the day of My rising up to bear witness, because My judgment is for the congregations of the heathen." For when Christ rose from the dead, He bestowed on those that were in error that judgment which is for their happiness and salvation. For He even commanded the holy disciples, "Go make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: and teaching them to observe all those things that I have commanded you." 131
By the holy decree therefore, and just sentence of our common Saviour Christ, the heathen were honoured; but Israel we see rejected from His love and affection. For what do we find the chief Shepherd of all saying to them by one of the holy prophets? "And I have declared, He says, that I will not feed you, and that which is dying shall die: and that which is fainting shall faint: and those that are left shall devour every one the flesh of his neighbour." And again; "God hath rejected them, because they have not heard Him: and they shall be wanderers among the heathen." And again by the voice of the prophet Ezechiel, "Thus saith my Lord, the Lord; that I will drive them among the heathen, and disperse them over the whole earth." Take the actual result of facts for your persuasion and faith in what is here said. For they are vagabonds and strangers in every land and city, neither preserving in its purity the worship enjoined by the law, nor submitting to accept the gloriousness of the excellency of the Gospel life: while we, who have received the faith are fellow-citizens with the saints, and called the sons of the Jerusalem that is above, in heaven, by the grace of God which crowneth us. And Him we affirm to be the completion of the law and the prophets: we confess His glory; we admire Him as He worketh miracles; by Whom and with Whom, to God the Father be praise and dominion with the Holy Ghost, for ever and ever, Amen. 132
HOMÉLIE XXVI
« ET JÉSUS ÉTANT ENTRÉ A CAPHARNAÜM, UN CENTENIER VINT A LUI LE SUPPLIANT, ET LUI DISANT : SEIGNEUR, MON SERVITEUR EST MALADE DE PARALYSIE DANS MA MAISON, ET IL EST EXTRÊMEMENT TOURMENTÉ. » (CHAP. VIII, 5, JUSQU’AU VERSET 14)
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ANALYSE
1 et 2. Admirable Foi du centurion. L’envie aveugle l’esprit.
3 et 4. Combien le centurion l’emportait sur les Juifs par l’excellente disposition de son cœur.
5. Soyons sur nos gardes constamment, même lorsque nous sommes debout dans la voie du bien. Contre les manichéens.
6. C’est avec confiance et tout ensemble avec crainte qu’il faut s’avancer dans la voie étroite. Contre les manichéens et les marcionites.
7 et 8. Faites pénitence et le pardon ne vous sera pas refusé. Grandeur du crime du roi David et grandeur de sa pénitence.
1. Le lépreux approcha de Jésus-Christ lorsqu’il descendait de la montagne, et ce centenier vient à lui lorsqu’il entrait à Capharnaüm. Pourquoi ni l’un ni l’autre ne l’allait-il point trouver lorsqu’il parlait sur cette montagne? Ce n’était point sans doute par négligence ou par paresse, puisque l’un et l’autre avaient une foi si vive, mais seulement de peur d’interrompre son discours. « Seigneur, mon serviteur est malade de paralysie dans ma maison, et il est extrêmement tourmenté (6).» Quelques-uns disent que le centenier disait ceci pour s’excuser de ce qu’il n’avait pas amené son serviteur; et il était en effet très difficile de transporter une personne en cet état, puisque, selon que saint Luc le remarque, il était tout près de mourir. Mais pour moi je crois que ces paroles sont une preuve de sa grande foi, que je préfère de beaucoup à la foi de ceux qui découvrirent le toit pour descendre un paralytique, et le présenter à Jésus-Christ. Ce centenier ne douta point qu’une seule parole de la bouche de Jésus-Christ ne pût guérir son serviteur; et il crut qu’il était superflu de le lui présenter en personne. Mais que fit ici le Sauveur? « Jésus lui dit : J’irai et le guérirai (7). » Jésus-Christ fait ici ce qu’on ne voit point qu’il ait fait ailleurs. Il se contentait toujours de suivre le désir de ceux qui s’adressaient à lui: mais ici il va même au delà. Il ne promet pas seulement au centenier de guérir son serviteur, mais encore d’aller chez lui, Il agissait de la sorte, mes frères, pour nous faire voir quelle était la foi de ce centenier. Car s’il ne se fût ainsi offert d’aller chez lui, et qu’il lui eût dit tout d’abord:
Allez, votre serviteur est guéri , la vive foi de cet homme nous eût été inconnue. Il traita de même la chananéenne, quoique d’une manière qui paraît contraire, puisqu’il s’offre ici d’aller chez le centenier qui ne l’en prie pas, pour nous donner lieu de connaître l’humilité et la foi de cet homme; et qu’il refuse pour le même sujet à la chananéenne ce qu’elle lui de. mande, et demeure inflexible à ses instantes prières. Jésus-Christ est un médecin infiniment sage, qui sait l’art de produire le même effet, par des moyens qui semblent contraires. Ce médecin fait voir ici la grande foi d’un centenier en s’offrant de l’aller voir; et il montre ailleurs celle de la Chananéenne, en différant longtemps de lui accorder ce qu’elle désire C’est encore la conduite qu’il tint à l’égard d’Abraham lorsqu’il lui déclara le dessein qu’il avait sur l’abominable Sodome: « Je ne célerai point, » dit-il, « à mon serviteur Abraham, » etc. (Gen. XVIII, 47.) Il voulait nous faire comprendre son extrême charité pour tous les hommes et sa bienveillante providence même pour une Sodome. (Gen. XIX, 3.) Les anges au contraire qui avaient été envoyés à Loth, refusèrent d’entrer chez lui, afin que, par la violence qu’il fit pour les retenir, on connût le zèle de ce saint homme pour exercer l’hospitalité envers tout le monde.
« Et le centenier lui répondit: Seigneur, je (214) ne suis pas digne que vous entriez dans ma maison (8). » Ecoutons ces paroles, nous autres qui devons recevoir Jésus-Christ. Car il ne nous est pas impossible encore aujourd’hui de le recevoir chez nous. Ecoutons ce centenier, mes frères, imitons sa foi, et estimons autant que lui la gloire de recevoir Jésus-Christ. Car lorsque vous retirez chez vous un pauvre qui meurt de froid et de faim, vous y retirez, et vous nourrissez Jésus-Christ même. «Mais dites seulement une parole, et mon serviteur sera guéri (8).» Ces paroles nous font voir que ce centenier, aussi bien que le lépreux, avait une haute idée de la toute-puissance du Fils de Dieu. Car il ne dit pas : Priez ou demandez, mais « commandez. » Et craignant ensuite que l’humilité de Jésus-Christ ne l’empêchât de consentir à sa demande, il ajoute : « Car moi qui ne suis qu’un homme soumis à la puissance d’un autre, et qui ai des soldats sous la mienne, je dis à l’un : Va, et il va; viens, et il vient; et à mon serviteur, fais cela, et il le fait (9).» Mais vous direz peut-être que nous ne devons pas tirer une preuve de la divinité de Jésus-Christ des paroles de cet homme, mais considérer seulement si Jésus-Christ les a approuvées. Je reconnais que ce que vous dites est très-raisonnable, et c’est aussi ce que je vous prie d’examiner. Car si nous examinons avec soin ce qui se passe, nous remarquerons aisément, au sujet du centenier, ce que nous avons vu à propos du lépreux. Nous voyons que ce lépreux dit à Jésus-Christ: « Seigneur, si vous le voulez, vous pouvez me guérir. » Et cependant ce n’est pas tant la parole de cet homme qui nous assure de la toute-puissance de Jésus-Christ, que la réponse même du Sauveur, qui bien loin de reprendre la pensée que le lépreux avait de lui, la confirma au contraire en disant: « Oui, je le veux, soyez guéri. » Car ce « Oui, je le veux, » eût été superflu, si Jésus-Christ n’eût voulu appuyer la vérité de cette parole: « Si vous le voulez, vous pouvez. » Nous pourrons voir ici la même chose dans le centenier. Il s’est servi d’une expression par laquelle il attribuait à Jésus-Christ plutôt la puissance d’un Dieu que celle d’un homme, et néanmoins non-seulement Jésus-Christ ne l’en reprit pas, mais il l’approuva, et il releva sa foi avec de grandes louanges. Car l’évangéliste ne se contente pas de dire simplement que Jésus-Christ loua le centenier; mais ce qui est sans comparaison davantage, il dit qu’il « l’admira.» « Jésus entendant ces paroles fut dans l’admiration (10). » Et il ne fut pas seulement dans l’admiration de la foi de cet homme, mais il la proposa comme un modèle à tout le peuple qui l’environnait. Voyez-vous, mes frères, combien Jésus-Christ loue partout ceux qui reconnaissaient sa toute-puissance. Le peuple admirait sa manière de parler, u parce qu’il « enseignait comme ayant autorité, » et Jésus-Christ ne rejeta point cette pensée qu’ils avaient de lui, mais descendant avec eux de la montagne, il voulut la confirmer par la guérison du lépreux. Ce lépreux dit à son tour:
« Seigneur, si vous le voulez, vous pouvez me « guérir. » Et Jésus-Christ ne réfuta point ses sentiments, mais les confirma en le guérissant, et en se servant même de ses propres termes : « Je le veux, soyez guéri. » De même le centenier ayant dit: « Dites seulement une « parole, et mon serviteur sera guéri, » Jésus-Christ admira sa foi: « Et dit à ceux qui le suivaient: Je vous dis en vérité que je n’ai pas trouvé une si grande foi dans Israël même (10). »
2. Il est aisé de montrer la vérité de cette parole de Jésus-Christ en comparant le centenier avec ceux d’entre les Juifs qui ont eu plus de foi en lui. Marthe croyait au Sauveur; et cependant elle ne dit rien qui approche de la foi de ces deux hommes. Au contraire elle lui parle d’une manière bien différente: « Je sais que Dieu vous accordera tout ce que vous lui demanderez. » (Jean, XI, 22.) Aussi Jésus-Christ non-seulement ne la loua pas de cette parole, mais quoiqu’elle fût aimée particulièrement de lui, et qu’elle eût une grande affection et un grand zèle pour lui, il ne laissa pas de la reprendre, comme ayant exprimé des sentiments trop bas et trop indignes de lui. Car il lui répondit aussitôt: « Ne vous ai-je pas dit que si vous croyez vous- verrez la gloire de Dieu? « (Ibid.) » l’accusant visiblement de n’avoir pas encore une véritable foi. Et pour mieux réfuter cette pensée qu’elle témoignait avoir de lui, en disant: «Je sais que Dieu vous accordera ce que « vous lui demanderez (Ibid.), » il lui apprend qu’il n’avait pas besoin de rien recevoir d’un autre, et qu’il était lui-même la source de tous les biens: « Je suis, » dit-il, « la résurrection et la vie, » c’est-à-dire, je n’attends point cette puissance d’un autre; mais je puis tout par moi-même. (214)
C’est donc pour récompenser cette vive foi du centenier qu’il l’admire, qu’il le loue, qu’il le préfère à tout Israël, qu’il lui donne rang dans le royaume des cieux, et qu’il porte tout le monde à l’imiter. Et pour vous mieux faire voir que Jésus-Christ ne parlait de la sorte que pour exhorter les autres à la même foi, voyez avec quel soin un autre évangéliste le marque : « Jésus se tournant vers ceux qui le « suivaient, leur dit: Je n’ai pas trouvé une si grande foi dans Israël même. » (Luc, vu, 9.) Ainsi la foi consiste principalement à avoir une haute idée de la grandeur de Jésus-Christ. C’est ce qui nous ouvre le royaume des cieux, et qui nous devient une source de biens infinis.
Mais Jésus-Christ ne se contenta pas de louer seulement en paroles le centenier. Il voulut encore récompenser sa foi en guérissant son serviteur malade. Il lui promit un rang honorable dans son royaume, une couronne glorieuse, et les délices éternelles du paradis. Aussi je vous déclare que plusieurs viendront « d’Orient, et d’Occident, et auront leur place dans le royaume des cieux avec Abraham, Isaac et Jacob (11). Mais les enfants du royaume seront jetés dans les ténèbres extérieures. C’est là qu’il y aura des pleurs et des grincements de dents (12).» Après l’ascendant qu’il a pris sur l’esprit de ce peuple par ses grands miracles, il commence à lui parler avec une fermeté plus libre. Et pour faire voir-en même temps qu’il n’avait point usé de flatterie à l’égard du centenier, et qu’il représentait fidèlement la véritable disposition de son coeur, voyez ce qui suit « Et Jésus dit au centenier: Allez, et qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru (43). » Et aussitôt le miracle rendit témoignage à sa foi, et à ce qu’il avait dans le coeur. « Et son serviteur fut guéri à la même heure. » Il dit la même chose à la Syro-phénicienne: « O femme, votre foi est grande! qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru, et sa fille fut guérie aussitôt. »(Matth. XV, 28.) Mais parce que saint Luc, en rapportant ce miracle, y mêle quelques circonstances particulières, qui semblent contraires à ce que dit saint Matthieu, il sera bon de les expliquer.
Saint Luc dit que le centenier envoya les prêtres des Juifs à Jésus-Christ, pour le prier de venir chez lui, et saint Matthieu dit qu’il vint lui-même, et dit: « Je ne suis pas digne « que vous entriez chez moi. » Quelques-uns croient qu’il s’agit de deux hommes différents, mais qui ont beaucoup de rapport entre eux. Car les Juifs disent de l’un: « Qu’il leur avait bâti une synagogue, et qu’il aimait leur nation. » (Luc, VII, 40.) Et Jésus-Christ dit de l’autre : « Qu’il n’avait pas trouvé une aussi grande foi dans Israël même. » Jésus-Christ ne dit pas non plus au sujet du premier: « Que plusieurs viendraient de l’Orient et de l’Occident, » d’où l’on peut croire qu’il était juif. Que dirons-nous à cela, mes frères, sinon que ce serait là sans doute la solution la plus commode, mais que la question est de savoir si elle est vraie. Car pour moi , je crois qu’en ces deux endroits, il n’est en effet parlé que d’un même homme.
Mais comment donc saint Matthieu lui fait-il dire: « Je ne suis pas digne que vous entriez chez moi (Luc, VII, 10), » lorsque saint Luc dit, « qu’il l’envoya prier d’y venir? » Il me semble que saint Luc nous veut apprendre deux choses; la première, jusqu’où allait la flatterie des Juifs; et l’autre, que les hommes qui se trouvent dans une grande affliction n’ont aucun conseil qui soit stable, mais qu’ils prennent tantôt l’un et tantôt l’autre. Car il est assez vraisemblable que le centenier ayant voulu venir lui-même trouver Jésus-Christ en personne, en fut empêché par les Juifs, qui s’offrirent de le faire, et de l’amener chez lui. Ecoutez en effet le langage qu’ils tiennent à Jésus-Christ, langage plein de flatterie pour le centenier: « Il aime beaucoup notre nation, » lui disent-ils, « et il nous a bâti une synagogue. » Ils ne savaient pas même la manière de le bien louer. Ils devaient dire de lui à Jésus-Christ: Il voulait vous venir trouver lui-même, mais nous l’en avons empêché à cause de l’affliction où il est, et du malade qui est comme un cadavre dans sa maison. Ils devaient représenter quelle était la grandeur de sa foi, et la haute idée qu’il avait de Jésus. Christ; mais l’envie qu’ils avaient contre le Sauveur, leur fait dissimuler la foi de cet homme. Plutôt que de révéler la grandeur de Celui qu’ils viennent supplier, en publiant la foi de celui pour qui se fait leur démarche, ils aiment mieux envelopper d’ombres cette vive foi, au risque de compromettre le succès de leur mission. Car l’envie aune étrange force pour aveugler ceux qu’elle possède. Mais Dieu qui connaît le secret des coeurs, voulut leur (216) faire voir malgré eux-mêmes quelle était la foi de cet homme.
3. Et pour vous mieux faire voir la vérité de cette interprétation, écoutez saint Luc qui vous la donne lui-même: Il rapporte, en effet, que. comme Jésus approchait, le centenier lui envoya dire: « Seigneur, ne vous donnez pas cette peine, car je ne suie pas digne que vous entriez chez moi. » (Luc, VII, 44.) Aussitôt qu’il se vit dégagé de l’importunité des Juifs, il envoya des personnes à Jésus-Christ pour lui dire que ce n’était point par indifférence qu’il n’était pas venu le trouver lui-même, mais parce qu’il se croyait très-indigne de le recevoir chez lui. Il est vrai que, selon saint Matthieu, ce fut le centenier lui-même qui dit ces paroles à Jésus-Christ, et non à ses amis, mais cela ne fait rien. Car il ne s’agit ici que de savoir si l’un et l’autre évangéliste nous témoignent que le centenier avait une foi vive, et une convenable idée de- la- puissance du Sauveur. Il est même vraisemblable que le centenier vint ensuite lui-même dire ce qu’il avait d’abord fait dire par ses amis. Saint Luc, me direz-vous, ne rapporte pas que le centenier soit venu en personne. Mais saint Matthieu non plus ne dit pas qu’il ait envoyé ses amis; quoi qu’il en soit, ce n’est pas là se contredire, mais simplement se suppléer mutuellement.
Saint Luc relève encore la foi du centenier, lorsqu’il dit que son serviteur était tout près de mourir. Car il ne fut point ébranlé dans un état si désespéré. Il ne conçut point de défiance, et espéra contre toute apparence que Jésus-Christ pourrait lui rendre son serviteur.
Ce que Jésus-Christ dit selon saint Matthieu, «qu’il n’avait pas trouvé une aussi grande foi dans Israël même, » fait bien voir que cet homme n’était point juif. Et ce que saint Luc rapporte « qu’il avait bâti une synagogue, » n’y est point contraire, puisque le centenier, sans être juif lui-même, pouvait néanmoins aimer ce peuple et lui bâtir des synagogues.
Mais je vous prie d’examiner avec soin les paroles de cet homme, et de ne pas oublier qu’il était centenier, c’est-à-dire qu’il commandait cent hommes de guerre, pour juger delà quelle était sa foi. Car l’orgueil est grand dans les charges publiques, et il ne cède pas même à l’affliction. Aussi l’officier dont il est question dans saint Jean (Jean, IV, 35), entraîne plutôt Jésus-Christ chez lui, qu’il ne l’invite à y descendre: « Seigneur, » dit-il, « descendez avant que mon fils ne meure. » Ce n’est pas là l’humble prière de notre centenier, et sa foi est même beaucoup plus grande que celle de ceux qui découvraient le toit d’une maison pour descendre le paralytique, et le présenter devant le Sauveur. Car il ne croit point que la présence extérieure de Jésus-Christ fût nécessaire, et il ne se met point en peine de lui présenter le malade. Il rejette toutes ces pensées comme trop disproportionnées à ce Médecin céleste. Mais se formant une idée du Fils de Dieu digne véritablement de sa grandeur, il ne lui demande autre chose, sinon qu’il dise une seule parole, et qu’il commande à la maladie de s’en aller.
Il ne commence pas même par là; mais il représente d’abord son affliction. Car son extrême humilité l’empêchait de croire que Jésus-Christ se rendît si tôt à sa prière, et qu’il s’offrît même de venir chez lui. C’est pourquoi, surpris de cette parole: « J’irai et je le guérirai, » il s’écrie aussitôt: « Je n’en suis pas digne, Seigneur ; dites seulement « une parole. » L’affliction où il était ne lui ôte point la liberté de son jugement, et il montre une haute sagesse dans sa douleur. Il n’était point tellement préoccupé de sauver son serviteur malade, qu’il n’appréhendât en même temps de rien faire d’irrespectueux pour le Sauveur. Et quoique Jésus-Christ s’offrît de lui-même à aller chez lui sans qu’il l’y eût engagé, il ne laissait pas de craindre cette visite comme une grâce dont il était trop indigne, et comme un honneur qui l’accablait.
Qui n’admirera donc d’une part la sagesse de cet homme, et de l’autre la folie des Juifs, qui disaient hautement à Jésus~Christ e qu’il était « digne de cette grâce? » Car, au lieu 1’avoir recours à l’extrême bonté de Jésus-Christ, ils mettent en avant le mérite de cet homme, sans même savoir en quoi consiste surtout ce mérite. Mais le centenier au contraire proteste qu’il est indigne, non-seulement de la grâce qu’il demande, mais encore de recevoir Jésus-Christ chez lui. Après lui avoir dit: « Mon serviteur est malade, » il n’ajoute pas aussitôt:
« Dites seulement une parole, » parce qu’il craignait d’être trop indigne de cette faveur mais il se contente d’avoir exposé simplement ce qui l’affligeait. Et lorsque Jésus-Christ le prévient et lui promet plus qu’il ne demande, il n’ose pas même encore accepter ses offres, mais sans s’enfler de cet honneur il se conserve (217) toujours dans un sentiment humble et modeste.
Que si vous me demandez pourquoi Jésus-Christ n’alla point chez lui, et ne l’honora pas de sa visite, je vous réponds qu’il l’honora d’une manière bien plus excellente. Premièrement en faisant voir sa foi et son humilité, qui parurent surtout en ce qu’il ne souhaita point que Jésus-Christ vînt en sa maison. Secondement en protestant devant tout le monde qu’il aurait place dans le royaume de Dieu, et en le préférant généralement à tous les Juifs. Car c’est pour ne s’être pas cru digne de recevoir Jésus-Christ chez lui, qu’il mérita d’être appelé au royaume du ciel, et d’avoir part aux biens ineffables dont Dieu a récompensé la foi d’Abraham.
4. Vous me demanderez encore pourquoi Jésus-Christ ne loue pas ainsi le lépreux qui semble avoir eu plus de foi que le centenier même, puisqu’il ne dit pas au Sauveur : « Si vous dites seulement une parole ; » mais ce qui est encore plus : « Si vous le voulez, vous pouvez me guérir; » parole qui revient exactement à ce que le Prophète a dit du Père : « Il a fait tout ce qu’il a voulu. » (Ps. CXIII, 2.) Je vous réponds que Jésus-Christ a assez loué ce lépreux lorsqu’il lui a dit : « Allez, offrez le don que Moïse a prescrit, afin que ce leur soit un témoignage. » Car il lui marque par ces paroles qu’il accuserait ces prêtres, et que sa foi condamnerait leur incrédulité. Toutefois croire en Jésus-Christ était beaucoup plus méritoire chez un gentil que chez un juif. Or, que le centenier n’était pas juif, c’est ce qui se conclut aisément et de son office même et de cette parole : « Même en Israël je n’ai point trouvé une foi si grande. » C’était en effet une chose bien rare, qu’un homme qui n’était pas juif eût ces sentiments. Car je m’imagine qu’il se représentait cette milice toute sainte, et ces troupes d’anges qui sont dans le ciel, que Jésus-Christ en était le chef; et qu’il dominait aussi souverainement sur les maladies, sur la mort et généralement sur toutes choses, que lui-même sur ses soldats. C’est pourquoi il dit:
« Car moi qui ne suis qu’un homme soumis à d’autres. » C’est-à-dire, je ne suis qu’un homme et vous êtes Dieu. Je suis soumis à d’autres, et vous ne dépendez de personne. Si donc étant homme et soumis à d’autres, j’ai néanmoins tant d’autorité; que ne devez-vous point faire vous qui êtes Dieu et indépendant de tout? En parlant ainsi il veut raisonner non d’égal à égal, mais du moins au plus. Si moi qui ne suis que ce que sont ceux qui m’obéissent, et qui suis même soumis à d’autres plus puissants que moi , j’obtiens néanmoins dans ma charge, quoique bien petite, une telle obéissance; si mes subordonnés exécutent, sans hésiter, chacun les différents ordres que je leur donne; en effet, je dis à celui-ci: va et il va; à celui-là: viens, et il vient; » combien plus pourrez-vous vous faire obéir en tout ce qu’il vous plaira de commander? Quelques-uns lisent ainsi ce passage: «Si moi qui ne suis qu’un homme, ayant sous moi des soldats. » Mais considérez surtout comment il montre que Jésus-Christ peut maîtriser la mort comme il ferait son esclave , et lui commander en maître absolu.
Car en disant: « Je dis à mon serviteur: viens, et il vient; va, et il va; » il semble dire à Jésus-Christ: Si vous défendez à la mort de venir où est mon serviteur, elle n’y viendra point; si vous lui commandez de s’en aller, elle s’en ira. Admirez donc, mes frères, jusqu’où allait la foi de cet homme ! Il prévient l’avenir, et il montre par avance ce que tout le monde devait reconnaître ensuite. Il déclare hautement que Jésus-Christ avait un empire souverain sur la vie et sur la mort, qu’il pouvait conduire jusqu’aux portes de l’enfer, et en rappeler. Il ne compare pas cette puissance de Jésus-Christ sur la mort seulement à l’autorité qu’il a sur ses soldats; mais ce qui est encore plus, au pouvoir qu’il a sur ses serviteurs. Cependant quoiqu’il ait une foi si vive, il ne se croit pas digne que Jésus-Christ entre chez lui. Mais Jésus-Christ, pour faire voir qu’il était très digne de cette grâce, lui en fait encore de bien plus grandes. Car il relève sa foi avec admiration. Il la propose pour modèle à tout le monde, et il lui donne infiniment plus qu’il ne lui avait demandé. Il ne lui demandait que la guérison de son serviteur, et il obtient une place dans le royaume du ciel.
Voyez-vous ici l’accomplissement manifeste de cette parole du Sauveur, « Demandez premièrement le royaume du ciel, et toutes choses vous seront données comme par surcroît? » (Matth. VI, 33.) A cause de la foi et de l’humilité admirables qu’il a montrées, Jésus-Christ lui donne le ciel, et il ajoute à ce don, comme par surcroît, la santé de son serviteur. Mais pour témoigner encore davantage (218) l’estime qu’il avait pour lui, il montre qui sont ceux qu’il exclut de ce royaume dont il le rend héritier. Il déclare nettement à tout le monde qu’à l’avenir ce ne serait plus la justice de la loi, mais la foi qui sauverait : que ce don serait offert non-seulement aux Juifs, mais encore aux gentils; et aux gentils même plus qu’aux Juifs : car ne croyez pas, leur dit-il que ce que je dis ici s’accomplisse seulement dans le centenier ; cela s’accomplira généralement dans toute la terre.
Ainsi il prédit la vocation des gentils, dont plusieurs l’avaient suivi de la Galilée, et il relève leurs esprits par les grandes espérances qu’il leur donne. Il relève d’un côté le courage de ces peuples, et il humilie de l’autre l’orgueil des Juifs. Néanmoins, pour ne les pas offenser par ses paroles, et pour ne leur point donner occasion de l’accuser et de médire de lui, il ne parle pas ouvertement des gentils dans son discours; mais il prend occasion du centenier d’en parler comme en passant. Il ne prononce pas même le nom de gentils. Il ne dit pas : « plusieurs des gentils; » mais « plusieurs de l’Orient et de l’Occident, » ce qui marquait sans doute les Gentils, mais d’une manière obscure qui ne pouvait pas blesser ceux qui l’écoutaient. Il tempère encore ce langage si nouveau par un autre adoucissement, en s’exprimant plutôt par le mot de sein d’Abraham, que par celui du royaume: car ce dernier était peu connu des Juifs ; mais le seul nom d’Abraham était capable de faire une grande impression dans leurs esprits. Aussi saint Jean voulant étonner les Juifs, ne leur parle point d’abord de l’enfer, mais de ce qui les touchait davantage : « Ne dites point, » leur dit-il, « nous avons Abraham pour père. » (Matth. III, 9.)
Jésus-Christ voulait empêcher aussi qu’on scIe prît pour un ennemi de la loi, puisqu’on ne pouvait raisonnablement avoir ce soupçon d’un homme qui témoignait tant d’estime des patriarches, qu’il faisait consister la souveraine félicité à se reposer dans leur sein. Remarquez donc , je vous prie, mes frères, le double sujet que les Juifs ont ici de s’affliger, et le double sujet qu’ont les gentils de se réjouir: les uns parce qu’ils sont non-seulement exclus d’un royaume, mais d’un royaume qui leur avait été promis; et les autres, parce qu’ils sont appelés non-seulement à des biens inestimables, mais encore à un bonheur qui ne leur avait point été promis, et qu’ils n’avaient jamais osé espérer. C’était encore un grand sujet de douleur aux Juifs de voir les gentils leur ravir l’héritage de leur père. Jésus-Christ les appelle « enfants du royaume, » parce que le royaume, en effet, leur avait été préparé. Et c’est ce qui devait les toucher sensiblement, d’avoir reçu la promesse de reposer un jour dans le sein et dans l’héritage d’Abraham, et de s’en voir néanmoins exclus pour jamais. Et comme cette parole était une prophétie, pour en faire voir la vérité, il la confirme aussitôt par une guérison miraculeuse de ce serviteur malade.
5. « Et Jésus dit au centenier: Allez, et qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru : et son « serviteur fut guéri à la même heure (13). »Ainsi celui qui ne croirait pas que ce serviteur paralytique eût été guéri par une seule parole, en doit être persuadé aujourd’hui par l’accomplissement de cette prophétie, que le Sauveur joignit alors à ce miracle. Et avant même que cette prophétie s’accomplît, le miracle dont elle fut suivie en devait prouver la vérité à tout le monde. C’est pourquoi aussitôt qu’il l’a faite, il guérit ce serviteur malade, pour établir ainsi les choses futures par les présentes , et un moindre miracle par un plus grand : car il est aisé de comprendre que les bons seront un jour récompensés, et que les méchants seront punis. li n’y a rien en cela que de conforme aux lois, et aux sens des hommes; mais de raffermir un corps paralytique, et de rendre la vie et le mouvement à des membres morts, c’est un ouvrage qui est au-dessus de la nature.
Jésus-Christ nous témoigne aussi que le centenier ne contribua pas peu à ce grand miracle par la fermeté de sa foi : « Allez, » dit-il, « qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru.» La guérison donc de ce serviteur fut en même temps une preuve, et de la toute-puissance de Jésus-Christ et de la grande foi du centenier, et de la vérité indubitable de la prophétie que le Sauveur venait de faire : ou plutôt ces trois choses ensemble publièrent hautement la souveraine puissance de Jésus-Christ, qui ne rendit pas seulement la santé du corps à ce malade, mais qui attira le centenier à la foi par la grandeur de ses miracles. Et remarquez, mes frères, non-seulement la foi de ce centenier, et la guérison du serviteur, mais la manière prompte dont elle se fit. L’évangéliste (219) le remarque en disant: « Et le serviteur fut guéri à l’heure même ; » ce qu’il avait aussi marqué à propos du lépreux: « Et il fut guéri aussitôt. » Il ne faisait pas seulement éclater sa puissance par ces guérisons miraculeuses ; mais encore par l’extrême promptitude avec laquelle il les faisait. Et sa bonté ne pouvant se contenter de ces grâces extérieures qu’il faisait aux hommes, il entremêlait encore à ses miracles ses divines instructions, par lesquelles il attirait tous les hommes à son royaume.
Lors même qu’il menaçait les Juifs de les en exclure, ce n’était pas pour les en exclure, en effet, mais bien plutôt pour les y attirer par la crainte de voir un jour s’exécuter cette menace. Que si leur dureté leur a rendu ce remède inutile, ils ne doivent s’en prendre qu’à eux-mêmes, ainsi que tous ceux qui imitent encore aujourd’hui l’insensibilité de ce peuple. Car ce malheur dont Jésus-Christ parle n’est pas seulement arrivé aux Juifs; les chrétiens y tombent encore tous les jours. Judas était «enfant du royaume, » Jésus-Christ lui avait dit comme aux autres apôtres : « Vous serez assis sur douze siéges (Matth. XIX) ; » et il ne laissa pas néanmoins de devenir «d’enfant du royaume enfant de la géhenne et de l’enfer. » Au contraire l’eunuque d’Ethiopie, dont il est parlé dans les Actes, quoique d’un pays barbare, et du nombre de ceux qui devaient venir de l’Orient et de l’Occident (Act. VIII), » jouira éternellement des biens du ciel avec Abraham, Isaac et Jacob.
La même chose arrive encore tous les jours parmi les fidèles. « Plusieurs de ceux qui sont e les premiers, » dit l’Evangile, « seront les derniers; et ceux qui sont les derniers seront les premiers. » (Matth. XX, 16.) Jésus-Christ parlait de la sorte, afin que les uns ne se décourageassent point par le désespoir d’avoir part à ce royaume; et que les autres ne se relâchassent point, pour être trop assurés de le posséder. C’est pourquoi saint Jean avait déjà dit avant lui: « Dieu peut de ces pierres susciter des enfants à Abraham. » Comme cette révolution terrible devait arriver certainement, Dieu voulut la faire prédire d’abord, afin que le monde n’en fût point surpris. Mais saint Jean étant homme, ne parle de cela que comme d’une chose qui pourrait bien arriver: « Dieu peut, » dit-il. Jésus-Christ au contraire, étant Dieu, prédit clairement que cela arriverait, et le prouve ensuite par ses miracles. Donc, mes frères, ne soyons pas trop confiants, lors même que nous sommes debout, mais disons-nous à nous-mêmes: « Que celui qui se croit debout prenne garde qu’il ne tombe. » (I Cor. X.) Et si nous sommes tombés, ne désespérons pas de nous relever; mais disons-nous: « Celui qui est tombé ne se relèvera-t-il pas? » (Ps. LX, 9.) Nous savons que plusieurs, après s’être élevés jusqu’au ciel, après s’être enrichis de toutes sortes de vertus, après avoir passé la plus grande partie de leur vie dans les déserts, après avoir évité la vue des, femmes, sans que dans les songes même il s’en présentât à eux aucune image, n’ont pas laissé néanmoins de se perdre par leur négligence et de tomber, par leur trop grande assurance, dans l’abîme de tous les vices. D’autres, au contraire, d’une vie infâme et malheureuse, sont montés jusqu’au comble de la vertu. Ils ont passé du théâtre et de la comédie à une vie angélique; et ils sont devenus si purs et si saints, qu’ils ont chassé les démons, et qu’ils ont fait de très grands miracles.
Toute l’Ecriture est pleine de ces exemples, et nous ne voyons rien de plus ordinaire tous les jours devant nos yeux. Les adultères et les personnes débauchées peuvent aujourd’hui fermer la bouche aux manichéens, qui disent qu’on ne peut jamais guérir les plaies du péché; qui lient les mains de ceux qui veulent se faire violence pour se corriger de leurs vices; et qui se rendent les ministres du démon pour introduire un désordre et une confusion générale dans la vie des hommes. Ceux qui enseignent ces erreurs, non-seulement nous ravissent les biens du ciel, mais ils troublent même autant qu’ils le peuvent tout l’ordre du monde. Car comment celui qui est dans le vice pourra-t-il penser à embrasser la vertu, s’il ne lui reste aucun moyen de quitter le mal pour faire le bien, et s’il croit qu’il lui est impossible de se convertir? Si, maintenant qu’il y a tant de lois qui menacent les hommes du supplice ou qui leur promettent des récompenses; que la foi nous fait craindre l’enfer et espérer le paradis ; que les méchants tombent dans l’opprobre et dans l’infamie, et que les bons au contraire sont loués et honorés, quelques-uns néanmoins ont tant de peine à entrer dans le sentier pénible de la vertu, et à mépriser le plaisir du vice; si l’on (220) ôte encore ces considérations si puissantes, qui pourra retenir les hommes, et les empêcher de courir à leur perte en s’abandonnant à toute sorte de déréglements?
6. Reconnaissons donc, mes frères, l’artifice du démon qui nous parle par ces hérétiques. Souvenons-nous qu’ils combattent également les ordonnances des législateurs, les oracles de Dieu, les principes de la raison, et cette lumière que la nature même a imprimée dans tous les hommes, qui ne peut être effacée ni dans les Scythes, ni dans les Thraces, ni dans les esprits les plus barbares. Fuyons encore tous ceux qui enseignent qu’il y a un destin, et une nécessité inévitable qui gouverne toutes choses, et, pleins d’horreur pour tous ces mensonges, tenons-nous sur nos gardes, et marchons dans la voie étroite avec crainte et avec confiance; avec crainte, parce que nous-sommes environnés de précipices de toutes parts; et avec confiance, parce que Jésus est avec nous et est notre guide. Soyons circonspects et vigilants. Ne nous laissons point endormir, parce que si nous nous assoupissons tant soit peu, nous tomberons aussitôt dans le précipice.
Nous ne sommes pas plus parfaits que David, qui pour s’être laissé aller à une légère négligence, fut entraîné dans l’abîme du .péché, d’où néanmoins il se releva bientôt. Ne considérez pas tant son péché que la manière dont il l’effaça. Dieu a voulu faire écrire cette histoire dans ses livres saints, non afin que vous voyiez, seulement comment tombe ce sage, mais afin que vous admiriez comment il se relève; et que vous appreniez, lorsque vous serez tombé comme lui, à vous relever aussi comme lui. De même que les médecins traitent dans leurs livres des maladies les plus violentes et de la manière de les guérir, afin que l’expérience des cas les plus graves apprenne à traiter facilement les plus légers; Dieu de même a fait marquer dans ses Ecritures les plus grands péchés de ses saints, afin que ceux qui en commettent de moindres, apprennent, dams la manière dont les autres se sont guéris, comment ils doivent se guérir eux-mêmes. Car si des crimes si énormes ont bien pu trouver des remèdes, il y en aura sans doute encore bien plutôt pour des fautes beaucoup plus légères. Voyons donc quelle fut la maladie de ce saint homme, et comment il en fut guéri.
David tomba dans l’adultère, et à l’adultère il joignit l’homicide. Je ne crains point, mes frères, de publier hautement le crime de ce saint prophète. Si le Saint-Esprit n’a pas cru ternir sa mémoire en le faisant écrire dans l’histoire sainte, nous ne devons pas nous mettre en peine de le cacher. C’est pourquoi non-seulement je vous rapporte ici sa chute, mais j’y ajouterai même les circonstances qui font le plus paraître l’énormité de son crime. Car il me semble que ceux qui tâchent de couvrir sa faute, obscurcissent sa plus grande gloire; ils lui font le même tort que si dans le dénombrement de ses victoires, ils passaient sous silence son combat avec Goliath. Ce que je dis vous semble un paradoxe; mais attendez un peu, et vous en reconnaîtrez la vérité. Je vous représenterai son crime dans toute sa grandeur, pour vous faire encore mieux connaître la grande vertu du remède qui l’a guéri.
Quelle circonstance ajouté-je donc pour mieux faire juger de son péché ? La vertu de cet homme, c’est là une circonstance aggravante. Car les fautes sont différentes selon la différence des personnes. « Les puissants, » dit l’Ecriture, « seront tourmentés puissamment. »(Sap. VI.) Et ailleurs : « Celui qui connaît la volonté de son maître, et ne la fait pas, sera sévèrement châtié. » (Luc, XII.) Ainsi celui qui a plus de connaissance et de lumière, sera plus puni que celui qui en a moins. C’est pourquoi lorsque l’évêque ou le prêtre commet les mêmes péchés que le peuple, ils sont plus coupables que les autres; et quoique le péché soit égal, la peine néanmoins ne le sera pas.
Peut-être qu’en voyant grandir le crime sous ma parole vous craignez, vous tremblez, et vous vous demandez avec effroi comment j’éviterai le précipice où il vous semble que je marche à grands pas. Mais moi, j’ai tant de confiance au mérite de ce juste, que j’irai encore plus loin; plus, en effet, j’exagérerai le crime de David, plus je multiplierai la matière de son éloge. Vous me demandez s’il y a quelque chose de plus que l’adultère et l’homicide? Et voici ce que je vous réponds: Comme le meurtre que commit Caïn fut un crime plus grand que beaucoup de meurtres, parce qu’il ne tua pas simplement un homme, mais son propre frère; qu’il ne tua pas celui dont il avait été offensé, mais celui qu’il avait offensé lui-même; et qu’il ne suivit pas en cela (221) l’exemple d’un autre, mais qu’il fut le premier auteur de l’homicide, et le chef de tous les meurtriers futurs; de même le péché de David n’est pas simplement un meurtre, c’est un meurtre commis par un grand prophète, non pour venger une injure, mais venant s’ajouter à l’injure la plus sanglante que l’on puisse faire à un homme, puisque David avait auparavant déshonoré la femme de celui qu’il tua.
Vous voyez que je n’épargne point David, et que je ne diminue point son péché. Cependant j’entreprends si hardiment sa défense, après même avoir exagéré son crime de cette manière, que je souhaiterais que tous les manichéens qui rejettent ces histoires de l’Ancien Testament, et tous les marcionites fussent ici présents, pour leur fermer la bouche et pour les confondre. Mais David, disent-ils, a commis un homicide et un adultère. Et moi je réponds qu’il n’a pas seulement commis un homicide, mais un double homicide, si l’on considère que celui qui tue est un prophète, et que celui qui est tué est un innocent qui est puni pour l’injure même qu’il a soufferte. Car il y a bien de la différence entre un homme, qui après avoir reçu le Saint-Esprit, après avoir été comblé de grâces, après avoir été uni avec Dieu par une amitié et une familiarité toute sainte jusqu’à un âge déjà avancé, tombe dans un grand crime, et celui qui pèche sans avoir joui d’aucun de ces avantages. Mais c’est là précisément ce qui doit augmenter notre admiration pour le courage de cet homme, qu’après être tombé de si haut et si bas, il ne s’est pas abattu, il n’a point désespéré, il n’est point resté par terre comme blessé à mort par le démon; mais qu’il s’est relevé bientôt et même aussitôt, et qu’il a porté à son ennemi, d’une main vigoureuse, un coup plus mortel que celui qu’il en avait reçu.
7. Pour voir une image de ce que je vous dis, transportez-vous sur un champ de bataille, et supposez qu’un de nos plus braves guerriers reçoive de la main d’un barbare un premier coup de lance ou de javelot qui lui perce le coeur ou le foie, puis une seconde blessure encore plus mortelle qui le fasse tomber baigné dans son sang; supposez qu’ainsi blessé, il se relève néanmoins aussitôt, et que d’un coup de sa lance il fasse mordre la poussière à son ennemi. C’est la même chose ici; plus vous exagérez la blessure et la chute de David, plus vous donnez lieu d’admirer le courage qu’il fallut à ce fier combattant pour se relever, s’élancer au front de la phalange et terrasser celui qui l’avait blessé. Ceux qui sont tombés dans de grands crimes comprendront aisément combien il est difficile de se relever de la sorte.
Il n’est pas besoin, ce me semble, d’un si grand courage pour continuer notre course lorsque nous marchons avec succès dans la bonne voie, puisqu’alors la confiance en Dieu nous accompagne, nous anime, nous soutient, et nous donne toujours de nouvelles forces. Mais de voir un homme qui après avoir vaincu autant de fois qu’il a combattu, est renversé tout à coup par son ennemi, et se relève néanmoins aussitôt et recommence sa course avec plus de vigueur qu’auparavant, c’est ce qu’on ne peut assez admirer.
Pour vous expliquer ceci plus clairement je me servirai d’une comparaison encore plus sensible. Représentez-vous un pilote qui a traversé toutes les mers sans y faire naufrage; et qui après s’être tiré par son adresse de tous les périls, des flots, des tempêtes et des écueils, fait enfin naufrage au port, d’où il a peine à se sauver tout nu; dans quelle disposition croyez-vous que cet homme puisse être à l’avenir à l’égard de la navigation? Croyez-vous qu’à moins d’avoir un courage tout extraordinaire, il voulût seulement voir un vaisseau, ou regarder le bord de la mer? Je ne doute point qu’après cela il ne penserait plus qu’à mener une vie cachée, qu’il perdrait toutes les espérances qu’il aurait conçues, et qu’il aimerait mieux mendier pour vivre que de s’exposer encore aux mêmes périls. Ce qui relève donc le courage de David, c’est qu’il a fait avec tant de générosité ce que ce pilote ne pourrait faire. Après ce naufrage horrible qui lui fit perdre en un moment ce qu’il avait acquis durant tant d’années, après tant de travaux employés inutilement, il ne tombe point dans le désespoir, et ne se condamne point à d’éternelles ténèbres. Il ramasse les débris de son naufrage; il radoube son vaisseau; il en réunit les ais séparés; il en rejoint les voiles déchirées, il reprend le gouvernail en main;et se remettant en mer, il amasse plus de richesses qu’il n’en avait acquis auparavant.
Si l’on admire celui qui peut se tenir ternie sans tomber, quelle louange mérite celui qui tombe, mais qui loin de s’abattre, se relève si promptement? Cependant combien de considérations (222) devaient jeter David dans le désespoir! Premièrement la grandeur de son crime. En second lieu l’âge où il était, puisqu’il n’était plus dans la jeunesse dont la vigueur nourrit aisément notre espérance, mais dans la vieillesse. Aussi le marchand qui fait naufrage presque en s’embarquant ne s’en afflige pas tant que celui qui revenant d’une longue et heureuse navigation perd tout le fruit de sa peine en se brisant contre un écueil. En troisième lieu, l’immensité des richesses perdues dans le désastre; en effet, quelle fortune spirituelle n’avait-il pas amassée depuis son enfance, depuis le temps qu’il était berger, par son combat contre Goliath; par son extrême douceur envers Saül, témoignant à son égard une générosité tout évangélique, lui pardonnant toutes les fois qu’il tombait entre ses mains, et aimant mieux perdre son pays, sa liberté et sa vie même, que de tuer un ennemi si injuste, qui cherchait sans cesse des moyens de le perdre; enfin par les actions de vertu qu’il fit encore après qu’il eut ceint le diadème royal!
8. Mais dans quelle peine et quelle agitation croyez-vous qu’il ait été, en considérant les pensées que les hommes auraient de lui, et qu’il avait perdu en un moment toute cette haute estime qu’il s’était acquise dans leur esprit? Car l’éclat de sa pourpre le parait moins qu’il n’était déshonoré par la laideur de son crime. Vous n’ignorez pas de quelle force d’esprit nous avons besoin pour n’être point troublé, lorsque nous voyons nos crimes partout divulgués, et tout le monde instruit de nos plus honteux désordres. Il faut avoir une âme héroïque pour ne se point décourager en ces occurrences. David bannit toutes ces pensées de son esprit. Il arracha de sa plaie le fer qui l’avait blessé - Il la lava de tant de larmes, et devint si pur aux yeux de Dieu, qu’il a pu même après sa mort secourir ceux qui étaient descendus de lui, dans les péchés qu’ils avaient commis.
C’est ce que Dieu dans l’Ecriture a dit d’Abraham. Mais il l’a dit aussi de David, et quelquefois même avec encore plus d’avantage. Il dit en parlant d’Abraham, qu’il s’est souvenu de l’alliance qu’il avait faite avec lui; mais eu parlant de David, il ne marque point d’alliance. II dit: « Je protégerai cette ville à cause de David mon serviteur. » (IV Rois. XIX, 34.) Et Salomon son fils ayant commis des crimes détestables, Dieu, en considération de David son père, ne voulut point le priver de son royaume. Sa réputation a toujours été si grande parmi les Juifs que saint Pierre, longtemps après sa mort, dit au peuple: «Permettez-moi, mes frères, de vous dire librement que le patriarche David est mort et qu’il a été enseveli.» (Act. II, 26.) Jésus-Christ même parlant aux Juifs témoigne que ce saint roi reçut une si grande effusion du Saint-Esprit, même après son péché, qu’il mérita de nouveau de prophétiser touchant la divinité du Christ. Car se servant de ses psaumes pour fermer la bouche aux Juifs, il leur dit: « Comment donc David l’appelle-t-il en esprit son Seigneur par ces paroles : Le Seigneur a dit à mon Seigneur: « Asseyez-vous à ma droite ? » (Matth. XXII, 42; Ps. CIX, 1.)
Dieu même témoigna autant de zèle pour les intérêts de ce saint prophète, qu’autrefois pour ceux de Moïse. Comme il vengea Moïse quoique malgré lui de l’injure que Marie sa soeur lui avait faite, parce qu’il aimait tendrement Moïse; il vengea de même David quoique malgré lui, de la révolte si cruelle et si dénaturée de son propre fils. Il n’y a rien qui prouve davantage la vertu d’un homme que ce zèle que Dieu témoigne pour le protéger. Car lorsque Dieu parle, et qu’il prononce lui-même sur les choses dont nous doutons, il faut que l’homme et la raison humaine se taisent.
Que si vous voulez connaître plus particulièrement la vertu de ce saint roi, voyez dans son histoire comment il se conduisait envers Dieu après son péché, avec quelle liberté il lui parlait, de quel amour il brûlait pour lui, quel progrès il faisait de jour en jour dans la vertu, enfin dans quelle circonspection et quelle vigilance il vécut jusqu’au dernier moment de sa vie.
Encouragés par ces grands exemples que Dieu nous propose, tâchons, mes frères, de ne nous point laisser tomber; ou si ce malheur nous arrive, de ne pas demeurer longtemps dans notre chute. Ce n’est point pour vous rendre plus négligents et plus lâches que je vous parle ainsi de David, mais pour vous imprimer plus de crainte. Car si cet homme si saint, si juste, si parfait s’est vu par un petit défaut de vigilance, frappé tout d’un coup d’une plaie mortelle, et dans un si grand danger de se perdre, que deviendrons-nous (223) nous autres, dont la vie est si molle et si relâchée?
Ne considérez pas seulement que ce saint prophète est tombé, de peur que cette considération ne vous rende encore plus lâches et plus tièdes; mais examinez avec soin ce qu’il fait pour se relever de sa chute, combien de soupirs il exhale, combien de larmes il verse, comme il s’entretient dans des sentiments de pénitence, non seulement le jour, mais même la nuit, baignant son lit de ses larmes, et cela sans jamais quitter son cilice. Si David a eu besoin de tous ces remèdes pour se purifier de son péché; comment pourrons-nous nous sauver, nous qui commettons tant de crimes, et qui n’en avons aucun repentir? De plus David avant son péché, avait vécu si saintement, que ses vertus passées pouvaient en quelque sorte couvrir son crime, mais nous qui n’avons rien fait, nous sommes pour ainsi dire tout nus et sans défense, et tous les coups que nous recevons nous blessent à mort.
Pour éviter ce malheur, mes frères, couvrons-nous de nos bonnes oeuvres, comme d’un bouclier impénétrable, et si nous remarquons en nous quelque tache du péché, effaçons-la par nos larmes, afin qu’en recherchant la seule gloire de Dieu, nous méritions d’être heureux en cette vie et en l’autre, par ta grâce et par la miséricorde de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ, à qui est la gloire et l’empire dans tous les siècles des siècles. Ainsi soit-il.
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GUERISON DU SERVITER D’UN CENTENIER
EXPLICATION PAR SAINT JEAN CHRYSOSTOME
http://jesusmarie.free.fr/jean_chrysostome_commentaire_evangile_saint_matthieu_1.html
HOMÉLIE XXVI " ET JÉSUS ÉTANT ENTRÉ A CAPHARNAÜM, UN CENTENIER VINT A LUI LE SUPPLIANT, ET LUI DISANT : SEIGNEUR, MON SERVITEUR EST MALADE DE PARALYSIE DANS MA MAISON, ET IL EST EXTRÊMEMENT TOURMENTÉ. " (CHAP. VIII, 5, JUSQU’AU VERSET 14)
ANALYSE
1 et 2. Admirable Foi du centurion. L’envie aveugle l’esprit.
3 et 4. Combien le centurion l’emportait sur les Juifs par l’excellente disposition de son cœur.
5. Soyons sur nos gardes constamment, même lorsque nous sommes debout dans la voie du bien. Contre les manichéens.
6. C’est avec confiance et tout ensemble avec crainte qu’il faut s’avancer dans la voie étroite. Contre les manichéens et les marcionites.
7 et 8. Faites pénitence et le pardon ne vous sera pas refusé. Grandeur du crime du roi David et grandeur de sa pénitence.
1. Le lépreux approcha de Jésus-Christ lorsqu’il descendait de la montagne, et ce centenier vient à lui lorsqu’il entrait à Capharnaüm. Pourquoi ni l’un ni l’autre ne l’allait-il point trouver lorsqu’il parlait sur cette montagne? Ce n’était point sans doute par négligence ou par paresse, puisque l’un et l’autre avaient une foi si vive, mais seulement de peur d’interrompre son discours. " Seigneur, mon serviteur est malade de paralysie dans ma maison, et il est extrêmement tourmenté (6)." Quelques-uns disent que le centenier disait ceci pour s’excuser de ce qu’il n’avait pas amené son serviteur; et il était en effet très difficile de transporter une personne en cet état, puisque, selon que saint Luc le remarque, il était tout près de mourir. Mais pour moi je crois que ces paroles sont une preuve de sa grande foi, que je préfère de beaucoup à la foi de ceux qui découvrirent le toit pour descendre un paralytique, et le présenter à Jésus-Christ. Ce centenier ne douta point qu’une seule parole de la bouche de Jésus-Christ ne pût guérir son serviteur; et il crut qu’il était superflu de le lui présenter en personne. Mais que fit ici le Sauveur? " Jésus lui dit : J’irai et le guérirai (7). " Jésus-Christ fait ici ce qu’on ne voit point qu’il ait fait ailleurs. Il se contentait toujours de suivre le désir de ceux qui s’adressaient à lui: mais ici il va même au delà. Il ne promet pas seulement au centenier de guérir son serviteur, mais encore d’aller chez lui, Il agissait de la sorte, mes frères, pour nous faire voir quelle était la foi de ce centenier. Car s’il ne se fût ainsi offert d’aller chez lui, et qu’il lui eût dit tout d’abord:
Allez, votre serviteur est guéri , la vive foi de cet homme nous eût été inconnue. Il traita de même la chananéenne, quoique d’une manière qui paraît contraire, puisqu’il s’offre ici d’aller chez le centenier qui ne l’en prie pas, pour nous donner lieu de connaître l’humilité et la foi de cet homme; et qu’il refuse pour le même sujet à la chananéenne ce qu’elle lui de. mande, et demeure inflexible à ses instantes prières. Jésus-Christ est un médecin infiniment sage, qui sait l’art de produire le même effet, par des moyens qui semblent contraires. Ce médecin fait voir ici la grande foi d’un centenier en s’offrant de l’aller voir; et il montre ailleurs celle de la Chananéenne, en différant longtemps de lui accorder ce qu’elle désire C’est encore la conduite qu’il tint à l’égard d’Abraham lorsqu’il lui déclara le dessein qu’il avait sur l’abominable Sodome: " Je ne célerai point, " dit-il, " à mon serviteur Abraham, " etc. (Gen. XVIII, 47.) Il voulait nous faire comprendre son extrême charité pour tous les hommes et sa bienveillante providence même pour une Sodome. (Gen. XIX, 3.) Les anges au contraire qui avaient été envoyés à Loth, refusèrent d’entrer chez lui, afin que, par la violence qu’il fit pour les retenir, on connût le zèle de ce saint homme pour exercer l’hospitalité envers tout le monde.
" Et le centenier lui répondit: Seigneur, je (214) ne suis pas digne que vous entriez dans ma maison (8). " Ecoutons ces paroles, nous autres qui devons recevoir Jésus-Christ. Car il ne nous est pas impossible encore aujourd’hui de le recevoir chez nous. Ecoutons ce centenier, mes frères, imitons sa foi, et estimons autant que lui la gloire de recevoir Jésus-Christ. Car lorsque vous retirez chez vous un pauvre qui meurt de froid et de faim, vous y retirez, et vous nourrissez Jésus-Christ même. "Mais dites seulement une parole, et mon serviteur sera guéri (8)." Ces paroles nous font voir que ce centenier, aussi bien que le lépreux, avait une haute idée de la toute-puissance du Fils de Dieu. Car il ne dit pas : Priez ou demandez, mais " commandez. " Et craignant ensuite que l’humilité de Jésus-Christ ne l’empêchât de consentir à sa demande, il ajoute : " Car moi qui ne suis qu’un homme soumis à la puissance d’un autre, et qui ai des soldats sous la mienne, je dis à l’un : Va, et il va; viens, et il vient; et à mon serviteur, fais cela, et il le fait (9)." Mais vous direz peut-être que nous ne devons pas tirer une preuve de la divinité de Jésus-Christ des paroles de cet homme, mais considérer seulement si Jésus-Christ les a approuvées. Je reconnais que ce que vous dites est très-raisonnable, et c’est aussi ce que je vous prie d’examiner. Car si nous examinons avec soin ce qui se passe, nous remarquerons aisément, au sujet du centenier, ce que nous avons vu à propos du lépreux. Nous voyons que ce lépreux dit à Jésus-Christ: " Seigneur, si vous le voulez, vous pouvez me guérir. " Et cependant ce n’est pas tant la parole de cet homme qui nous assure de la toute-puissance de Jésus-Christ, que la réponse même du Sauveur, qui bien loin de reprendre la pensée que le lépreux avait de lui, la confirma au contraire en disant: " Oui, je le veux, soyez guéri. " Car ce " Oui, je le veux, " eût été superflu, si Jésus-Christ n’eût voulu appuyer la vérité de cette parole: " Si vous le voulez, vous pouvez. " Nous pourrons voir ici la même chose dans le centenier. Il s’est servi d’une expression par laquelle il attribuait à Jésus-Christ plutôt la puissance d’un Dieu que celle d’un homme, et néanmoins non-seulement Jésus-Christ ne l’en reprit pas, mais il l’approuva, et il releva sa foi avec de grandes louanges. Car l’évangéliste ne se contente pas de dire simplement que Jésus-Christ loua le centenier; mais ce qui est sans comparaison davantage, il dit qu’il " l’admira." " Jésus entendant ces paroles fut dans l’admiration (10). " Et il ne fut pas seulement dans l’admiration de la foi de cet homme, mais il la proposa comme un modèle à tout le peuple qui l’environnait. Voyez-vous, mes frères, combien Jésus-Christ loue partout ceux qui reconnaissaient sa toute-puissance. Le peuple admirait sa manière de parler, u parce qu’il " enseignait comme ayant autorité, " et Jésus-Christ ne rejeta point cette pensée qu’ils avaient de lui, mais descendant avec eux de la montagne, il voulut la confirmer par la guérison du lépreux. Ce lépreux dit à son tour:
" Seigneur, si vous le voulez, vous pouvez me " guérir. " Et Jésus-Christ ne réfuta point ses sentiments, mais les confirma en le guérissant, et en se servant même de ses propres termes : " Je le veux, soyez guéri. " De même le centenier ayant dit: " Dites seulement une " parole, et mon serviteur sera guéri, " Jésus-Christ admira sa foi: " Et dit à ceux qui le suivaient: Je vous dis en vérité que je n’ai pas trouvé une si grande foi dans Israël même (10). "
2. Il est aisé de montrer la vérité de cette parole de Jésus-Christ en comparant le centenier avec ceux d’entre les Juifs qui ont eu plus de foi en lui. Marthe croyait au Sauveur; et cependant elle ne dit rien qui approche de la foi de ces deux hommes. Au contraire elle lui parle d’une manière bien différente: " Je sais que Dieu vous accordera tout ce que vous lui demanderez. " (Jean, XI, 22.) Aussi Jésus-Christ non-seulement ne la loua pas de cette parole, mais quoiqu’elle fût aimée particulièrement de lui, et qu’elle eût une grande affection et un grand zèle pour lui, il ne laissa pas de la reprendre, comme ayant exprimé des sentiments trop bas et trop indignes de lui. Car il lui répondit aussitôt: " Ne vous ai-je pas dit que si vous croyez vous- verrez la gloire de Dieu? " (Ibid.) " l’accusant visiblement de n’avoir pas encore une véritable foi. Et pour mieux réfuter cette pensée qu’elle témoignait avoir de lui, en disant: "Je sais que Dieu vous accordera ce que " vous lui demanderez (Ibid.), " il lui apprend qu’il n’avait pas besoin de rien recevoir d’un autre, et qu’il était lui-même la source de tous les biens: " Je suis, " dit-il, " la résurrection et la vie, " c’est-à-dire, je n’attends point cette puissance d’un autre; mais je puis tout par moi-même. (214)
C’est donc pour récompenser cette vive foi du centenier qu’il l’admire, qu’il le loue, qu’il le préfère à tout Israël, qu’il lui donne rang dans le royaume des cieux, et qu’il porte tout le monde à l’imiter. Et pour vous mieux faire voir que Jésus-Christ ne parlait de la sorte que pour exhorter les autres à la même foi, voyez avec quel soin un autre évangéliste le marque : " Jésus se tournant vers ceux qui le " suivaient, leur dit: Je n’ai pas trouvé une si grande foi dans Israël même. " (Luc, vu, 9.) Ainsi la foi consiste principalement à avoir une haute idée de la grandeur de Jésus-Christ. C’est ce qui nous ouvre le royaume des cieux, et qui nous devient une source de biens infinis.
Mais Jésus-Christ ne se contenta pas de louer seulement en paroles le centenier. Il voulut encore récompenser sa foi en guérissant son serviteur malade. Il lui promit un rang honorable dans son royaume, une couronne glorieuse, et les délices éternelles du paradis. Aussi je vous déclare que plusieurs viendront " d’Orient, et d’Occident, et auront leur place dans le royaume des cieux avec Abraham, Isaac et Jacob (11). Mais les enfants du royaume seront jetés dans les ténèbres extérieures. C’est là qu’il y aura des pleurs et des grincements de dents (12)." Après l’ascendant qu’il a pris sur l’esprit de ce peuple par ses grands miracles, il commence à lui parler avec une fermeté plus libre. Et pour faire voir-en même temps qu’il n’avait point usé de flatterie à l’égard du centenier, et qu’il représentait fidèlement la véritable disposition de son coeur, voyez ce qui suit " Et Jésus dit au centenier: Allez, et qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru (43). " Et aussitôt le miracle rendit témoignage à sa foi, et à ce qu’il avait dans le coeur. " Et son serviteur fut guéri à la même heure. " Il dit la même chose à la Syro-phénicienne: " O femme, votre foi est grande! qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru, et sa fille fut guérie aussitôt. "(Matth. XV, 28.) Mais parce que saint Luc, en rapportant ce miracle, y mêle quelques circonstances particulières, qui semblent contraires à ce que dit saint Matthieu, il sera bon de les expliquer.
Saint Luc dit que le centenier envoya les prêtres des Juifs à Jésus-Christ, pour le prier de venir chez lui, et saint Matthieu dit qu’il vint lui-même, et dit: " Je ne suis pas digne " que vous entriez chez moi. " Quelques-uns croient qu’il s’agit de deux hommes différents, mais qui ont beaucoup de rapport entre eux. Car les Juifs disent de l’un: " Qu’il leur avait bâti une synagogue, et qu’il aimait leur nation. " (Luc, VII, 40.) Et Jésus-Christ dit de l’autre : " Qu’il n’avait pas trouvé une aussi grande foi dans Israël même. " Jésus-Christ ne dit pas non plus au sujet du premier: " Que plusieurs viendraient de l’Orient et de l’Occident, " d’où l’on peut croire qu’il était juif. Que dirons-nous à cela, mes frères, sinon que ce serait là sans doute la solution la plus commode, mais que la question est de savoir si elle est vraie. Car pour moi , je crois qu’en ces deux endroits, il n’est en effet parlé que d’un même homme.
Mais comment donc saint Matthieu lui fait-il dire: " Je ne suis pas digne que vous entriez chez moi (Luc, VII, 10), " lorsque saint Luc dit, " qu’il l’envoya prier d’y venir? " Il me semble que saint Luc nous veut apprendre deux choses; la première, jusqu’où allait la flatterie des Juifs; et l’autre, que les hommes qui se trouvent dans une grande affliction n’ont aucun conseil qui soit stable, mais qu’ils prennent tantôt l’un et tantôt l’autre. Car il est assez vraisemblable que le centenier ayant voulu venir lui-même trouver Jésus-Christ en personne, en fut empêché par les Juifs, qui s’offrirent de le faire, et de l’amener chez lui. Ecoutez en effet le langage qu’ils tiennent à Jésus-Christ, langage plein de flatterie pour le centenier: " Il aime beaucoup notre nation, " lui disent-ils, " et il nous a bâti une synagogue. " Ils ne savaient pas même la manière de le bien louer. Ils devaient dire de lui à Jésus-Christ: Il voulait vous venir trouver lui-même, mais nous l’en avons empêché à cause de l’affliction où il est, et du malade qui est comme un cadavre dans sa maison. Ils devaient représenter quelle était la grandeur de sa foi, et la haute idée qu’il avait de Jésus. Christ; mais l’envie qu’ils avaient contre le Sauveur, leur fait dissimuler la foi de cet homme. Plutôt que de révéler la grandeur de Celui qu’ils viennent supplier, en publiant la foi de celui pour qui se fait leur démarche, ils aiment mieux envelopper d’ombres cette vive foi, au risque de compromettre le succès de leur mission. Car l’envie aune étrange force pour aveugler ceux qu’elle possède. Mais Dieu qui connaît le secret des coeurs, voulut leur (216) faire voir malgré eux-mêmes quelle était la foi de cet homme.
3. Et pour vous mieux faire voir la vérité de cette interprétation, écoutez saint Luc qui vous la donne lui-même: Il rapporte, en effet, que. comme Jésus approchait, le centenier lui envoya dire: " Seigneur, ne vous donnez pas cette peine, car je ne suie pas digne que vous entriez chez moi. " (Luc, VII, 44.) Aussitôt qu’il se vit dégagé de l’importunité des Juifs, il envoya des personnes à Jésus-Christ pour lui dire que ce n’était point par indifférence qu’il n’était pas venu le trouver lui-même, mais parce qu’il se croyait très-indigne de le recevoir chez lui. Il est vrai que, selon saint Matthieu, ce fut le centenier lui-même qui dit ces paroles à Jésus-Christ, et non à ses amis, mais cela ne fait rien. Car il ne s’agit ici que de savoir si l’un et l’autre évangéliste nous témoignent que le centenier avait une foi vive, et une convenable idée de- la- puissance du Sauveur. Il est même vraisemblable que le centenier vint ensuite lui-même dire ce qu’il avait d’abord fait dire par ses amis. Saint Luc, me direz-vous, ne rapporte pas que le centenier soit venu en personne. Mais saint Matthieu non plus ne dit pas qu’il ait envoyé ses amis; quoi qu’il en soit, ce n’est pas là se contredire, mais simplement se suppléer mutuellement.
Saint Luc relève encore la foi du centenier, lorsqu’il dit que son serviteur était tout près de mourir. Car il ne fut point ébranlé dans un état si désespéré. Il ne conçut point de défiance, et espéra contre toute apparence que Jésus-Christ pourrait lui rendre son serviteur.
Ce que Jésus-Christ dit selon saint Matthieu, "qu’il n’avait pas trouvé une aussi grande foi dans Israël même, " fait bien voir que cet homme n’était point juif. Et ce que saint Luc rapporte " qu’il avait bâti une synagogue, " n’y est point contraire, puisque le centenier, sans être juif lui-même, pouvait néanmoins aimer ce peuple et lui bâtir des synagogues.
Mais je vous prie d’examiner avec soin les paroles de cet homme, et de ne pas oublier qu’il était centenier, c’est-à-dire qu’il commandait cent hommes de guerre, pour juger delà quelle était sa foi. Car l’orgueil est grand dans les charges publiques, et il ne cède pas même à l’affliction. Aussi l’officier dont il est question dans saint Jean (Jean, IV, 35), entraîne plutôt Jésus-Christ chez lui, qu’il ne l’invite à y descendre: " Seigneur, " dit-il, " descendez avant que mon fils ne meure. " Ce n’est pas là l’humble prière de notre centenier, et sa foi est même beaucoup plus grande que celle de ceux qui découvraient le toit d’une maison pour descendre le paralytique, et le présenter devant le Sauveur. Car il ne croit point que la présence extérieure de Jésus-Christ fût nécessaire, et il ne se met point en peine de lui présenter le malade. Il rejette toutes ces pensées comme trop disproportionnées à ce Médecin céleste. Mais se formant une idée du Fils de Dieu digne véritablement de sa grandeur, il ne lui demande autre chose, sinon qu’il dise une seule parole, et qu’il commande à la maladie de s’en aller.
Il ne commence pas même par là; mais il représente d’abord son affliction. Car son extrême humilité l’empêchait de croire que Jésus-Christ se rendît si tôt à sa prière, et qu’il s’offrît même de venir chez lui. C’est pourquoi, surpris de cette parole: " J’irai et je le guérirai, " il s’écrie aussitôt: " Je n’en suis pas digne, Seigneur ; dites seulement " une parole. " L’affliction où il était ne lui ôte point la liberté de son jugement, et il montre une haute sagesse dans sa douleur. Il n’était point tellement préoccupé de sauver son serviteur malade, qu’il n’appréhendât en même temps de rien faire d’irrespectueux pour le Sauveur. Et quoique Jésus-Christ s’offrît de lui-même à aller chez lui sans qu’il l’y eût engagé, il ne laissait pas de craindre cette visite comme une grâce dont il était trop indigne, et comme un honneur qui l’accablait.
Qui n’admirera donc d’une part la sagesse de cet homme, et de l’autre la folie des Juifs, qui disaient hautement à Jésus~Christ e qu’il était " digne de cette grâce? " Car, au lieu 1’avoir recours à l’extrême bonté de Jésus-Christ, ils mettent en avant le mérite de cet homme, sans même savoir en quoi consiste surtout ce mérite. Mais le centenier au contraire proteste qu’il est indigne, non-seulement de la grâce qu’il demande, mais encore de recevoir Jésus-Christ chez lui. Après lui avoir dit: " Mon serviteur est malade, " il n’ajoute pas aussitôt:
" Dites seulement une parole, " parce qu’il craignait d’être trop indigne de cette faveur mais il se contente d’avoir exposé simplement ce qui l’affligeait. Et lorsque Jésus-Christ le prévient et lui promet plus qu’il ne demande, il n’ose pas même encore accepter ses offres, mais sans s’enfler de cet honneur il se conserve (217) toujours dans un sentiment humble et modeste.
Que si vous me demandez pourquoi Jésus-Christ n’alla point chez lui, et ne l’honora pas de sa visite, je vous réponds qu’il l’honora d’une manière bien plus excellente. Premièrement en faisant voir sa foi et son humilité, qui parurent surtout en ce qu’il ne souhaita point que Jésus-Christ vînt en sa maison. Secondement en protestant devant tout le monde qu’il aurait place dans le royaume de Dieu, et en le préférant généralement à tous les Juifs. Car c’est pour ne s’être pas cru digne de recevoir Jésus-Christ chez lui, qu’il mérita d’être appelé au royaume du ciel, et d’avoir part aux biens ineffables dont Dieu a récompensé la foi d’Abraham.
4. Vous me demanderez encore pourquoi Jésus-Christ ne loue pas ainsi le lépreux qui semble avoir eu plus de foi que le centenier même, puisqu’il ne dit pas au Sauveur : " Si vous dites seulement une parole ; " mais ce qui est encore plus : " Si vous le voulez, vous pouvez me guérir; " parole qui revient exactement à ce que le Prophète a dit du Père : " Il a fait tout ce qu’il a voulu. " (Ps. CXIII, 2.) Je vous réponds que Jésus-Christ a assez loué ce lépreux lorsqu’il lui a dit : " Allez, offrez le don que Moïse a prescrit, afin que ce leur soit un témoignage. " Car il lui marque par ces paroles qu’il accuserait ces prêtres, et que sa foi condamnerait leur incrédulité. Toutefois croire en Jésus-Christ était beaucoup plus méritoire chez un gentil que chez un juif. Or, que le centenier n’était pas juif, c’est ce qui se conclut aisément et de son office même et de cette parole : " Même en Israël je n’ai point trouvé une foi si grande. " C’était en effet une chose bien rare, qu’un homme qui n’était pas juif eût ces sentiments. Car je m’imagine qu’il se représentait cette milice toute sainte, et ces troupes d’anges qui sont dans le ciel, que Jésus-Christ en était le chef; et qu’il dominait aussi souverainement sur les maladies, sur la mort et généralement sur toutes choses, que lui-même sur ses soldats. C’est pourquoi il dit:
" Car moi qui ne suis qu’un homme soumis à d’autres. " C’est-à-dire, je ne suis qu’un homme et vous êtes Dieu. Je suis soumis à d’autres, et vous ne dépendez de personne. Si donc étant homme et soumis à d’autres, j’ai néanmoins tant d’autorité; que ne devez-vous point faire vous qui êtes Dieu et indépendant de tout? En parlant ainsi il veut raisonner non d’égal à égal, mais du moins au plus. Si moi qui ne suis que ce que sont ceux qui m’obéissent, et qui suis même soumis à d’autres plus puissants que moi , j’obtiens néanmoins dans ma charge, quoique bien petite, une telle obéissance; si mes subordonnés exécutent, sans hésiter, chacun les différents ordres que je leur donne; en effet, je dis à celui-ci: va et il va; à celui-là: viens, et il vient; " combien plus pourrez-vous vous faire obéir en tout ce qu’il vous plaira de commander? Quelques-uns lisent ainsi ce passage: "Si moi qui ne suis qu’un homme, ayant sous moi des soldats. " Mais considérez surtout comment il montre que Jésus-Christ peut maîtriser la mort comme il ferait son esclave , et lui commander en maître absolu.
Car en disant: " Je dis à mon serviteur: viens, et il vient; va, et il va; " il semble dire à Jésus-Christ: Si vous défendez à la mort de venir où est mon serviteur, elle n’y viendra point; si vous lui commandez de s’en aller, elle s’en ira. Admirez donc, mes frères, jusqu’où allait la foi de cet homme ! Il prévient l’avenir, et il montre par avance ce que tout le monde devait reconnaître ensuite. Il déclare hautement que Jésus-Christ avait un empire souverain sur la vie et sur la mort, qu’il pouvait conduire jusqu’aux portes de l’enfer, et en rappeler. Il ne compare pas cette puissance de Jésus-Christ sur la mort seulement à l’autorité qu’il a sur ses soldats; mais ce qui est encore plus, au pouvoir qu’il a sur ses serviteurs. Cependant quoiqu’il ait une foi si vive, il ne se croit pas digne que Jésus-Christ entre chez lui. Mais Jésus-Christ, pour faire voir qu’il était très digne de cette grâce, lui en fait encore de bien plus grandes. Car il relève sa foi avec admiration. Il la propose pour modèle à tout le monde, et il lui donne infiniment plus qu’il ne lui avait demandé. Il ne lui demandait que la guérison de son serviteur, et il obtient une place dans le royaume du ciel.
Voyez-vous ici l’accomplissement manifeste de cette parole du Sauveur, " Demandez premièrement le royaume du ciel, et toutes choses vous seront données comme par surcroît? " (Matth. VI, 33.) A cause de la foi et de l’humilité admirables qu’il a montrées, Jésus-Christ lui donne le ciel, et il ajoute à ce don, comme par surcroît, la santé de son serviteur. Mais pour témoigner encore davantage (218) l’estime qu’il avait pour lui, il montre qui sont ceux qu’il exclut de ce royaume dont il le rend héritier. Il déclare nettement à tout le monde qu’à l’avenir ce ne serait plus la justice de la loi, mais la foi qui sauverait : que ce don serait offert non-seulement aux Juifs, mais encore aux gentils; et aux gentils même plus qu’aux Juifs : car ne croyez pas, leur dit-il que ce que je dis ici s’accomplisse seulement dans le centenier ; cela s’accomplira généralement dans toute la terre.
Ainsi il prédit la vocation des gentils, dont plusieurs l’avaient suivi de la Galilée, et il relève leurs esprits par les grandes espérances qu’il leur donne. Il relève d’un côté le courage de ces peuples, et il humilie de l’autre l’orgueil des Juifs. Néanmoins, pour ne les pas offenser par ses paroles, et pour ne leur point donner occasion de l’accuser et de médire de lui, il ne parle pas ouvertement des gentils dans son discours; mais il prend occasion du centenier d’en parler comme en passant. Il ne prononce pas même le nom de gentils. Il ne dit pas : " plusieurs des gentils; " mais " plusieurs de l’Orient et de l’Occident, " ce qui marquait sans doute les Gentils, mais d’une manière obscure qui ne pouvait pas blesser ceux qui l’écoutaient. Il tempère encore ce langage si nouveau par un autre adoucissement, en s’exprimant plutôt par le mot de sein d’Abraham, que par celui du royaume: car ce dernier était peu connu des Juifs ; mais le seul nom d’Abraham était capable de faire une grande impression dans leurs esprits. Aussi saint Jean voulant étonner les Juifs, ne leur parle point d’abord de l’enfer, mais de ce qui les touchait davantage : " Ne dites point, " leur dit-il, " nous avons Abraham pour père. " (Matth. III, 9.)
Jésus-Christ voulait empêcher aussi qu’on scIe prît pour un ennemi de la loi, puisqu’on ne pouvait raisonnablement avoir ce soupçon d’un homme qui témoignait tant d’estime des patriarches, qu’il faisait consister la souveraine félicité à se reposer dans leur sein. Remarquez donc , je vous prie, mes frères, le double sujet que les Juifs ont ici de s’affliger, et le double sujet qu’ont les gentils de se réjouir: les uns parce qu’ils sont non-seulement exclus d’un royaume, mais d’un royaume qui leur avait été promis; et les autres, parce qu’ils sont appelés non-seulement à des biens inestimables, mais encore à un bonheur qui ne leur avait point été promis, et qu’ils n’avaient jamais osé espérer. C’était encore un grand sujet de douleur aux Juifs de voir les gentils leur ravir l’héritage de leur père. Jésus-Christ les appelle " enfants du royaume, " parce que le royaume, en effet, leur avait été préparé. Et c’est ce qui devait les toucher sensiblement, d’avoir reçu la promesse de reposer un jour dans le sein et dans l’héritage d’Abraham, et de s’en voir néanmoins exclus pour jamais. Et comme cette parole était une prophétie, pour en faire voir la vérité, il la confirme aussitôt par une guérison miraculeuse de ce serviteur malade.
5. " Et Jésus dit au centenier: Allez, et qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru : et son " serviteur fut guéri à la même heure (13). "Ainsi celui qui ne croirait pas que ce serviteur paralytique eût été guéri par une seule parole, en doit être persuadé aujourd’hui par l’accomplissement de cette prophétie, que le Sauveur joignit alors à ce miracle. Et avant même que cette prophétie s’accomplît, le miracle dont elle fut suivie en devait prouver la vérité à tout le monde. C’est pourquoi aussitôt qu’il l’a faite, il guérit ce serviteur malade, pour établir ainsi les choses futures par les présentes , et un moindre miracle par un plus grand : car il est aisé de comprendre que les bons seront un jour récompensés, et que les méchants seront punis. li n’y a rien en cela que de conforme aux lois, et aux sens des hommes; mais de raffermir un corps paralytique, et de rendre la vie et le mouvement à des membres morts, c’est un ouvrage qui est au-dessus de la nature.
Jésus-Christ nous témoigne aussi que le centenier ne contribua pas peu à ce grand miracle par la fermeté de sa foi : " Allez, " dit-il, " qu’il vous soit fait selon que vous avez cru." La guérison donc de ce serviteur fut en même temps une preuve, et de la toute-puissance de Jésus-Christ et de la grande foi du centenier, et de la vérité indubitable de la prophétie que le Sauveur venait de faire : ou plutôt ces trois choses ensemble publièrent hautement la souveraine puissance de Jésus-Christ, qui ne rendit pas seulement la santé du corps à ce malade, mais qui attira le centenier à la foi par la grandeur de ses miracles. Et remarquez, mes frères, non-seulement la foi de ce centenier, et la guérison du serviteur, mais la manière prompte dont elle se fit. L’évangéliste (219) le remarque en disant: " Et le serviteur fut guéri à l’heure même ; " ce qu’il avait aussi marqué à propos du lépreux: " Et il fut guéri aussitôt. " Il ne faisait pas seulement éclater sa puissance par ces guérisons miraculeuses ; mais encore par l’extrême promptitude avec laquelle il les faisait. Et sa bonté ne pouvant se contenter de ces grâces extérieures qu’il faisait aux hommes, il entremêlait encore à ses miracles ses divines instructions, par lesquelles il attirait tous les hommes à son royaume.
Lors même qu’il menaçait les Juifs de les en exclure, ce n’était pas pour les en exclure, en effet, mais bien plutôt pour les y attirer par la crainte de voir un jour s’exécuter cette menace. Que si leur dureté leur a rendu ce remède inutile, ils ne doivent s’en prendre qu’à eux-mêmes, ainsi que tous ceux qui imitent encore aujourd’hui l’insensibilité de ce peuple. Car ce malheur dont Jésus-Christ parle n’est pas seulement arrivé aux Juifs; les chrétiens y tombent encore tous les jours. Judas était "enfant du royaume, " Jésus-Christ lui avait dit comme aux autres apôtres : " Vous serez assis sur douze siéges (Matth. XIX) ; " et il ne laissa pas néanmoins de devenir "d’enfant du royaume enfant de la géhenne et de l’enfer. " Au contraire l’eunuque d’Ethiopie, dont il est parlé dans les Actes, quoique d’un pays barbare, et du nombre de ceux qui devaient venir de l’Orient et de l’Occident (Act. VIII), " jouira éternellement des biens du ciel avec Abraham, Isaac et Jacob.
La même chose arrive encore tous les jours parmi les fidèles. " Plusieurs de ceux qui sont e les premiers, " dit l’Evangile, " seront les derniers; et ceux qui sont les derniers seront les premiers. " (Matth. XX, 16.) Jésus-Christ parlait de la sorte, afin que les uns ne se décourageassent point par le désespoir d’avoir part à ce royaume; et que les autres ne se relâchassent point, pour être trop assurés de le posséder. C’est pourquoi saint Jean avait déjà dit avant lui: " Dieu peut de ces pierres susciter des enfants à Abraham. " Comme cette révolution terrible devait arriver certainement, Dieu voulut la faire prédire d’abord, afin que le monde n’en fût point surpris. Mais saint Jean étant homme, ne parle de cela que comme d’une chose qui pourrait bien arriver: " Dieu peut, " dit-il. Jésus-Christ au contraire, étant Dieu, prédit clairement que cela arriverait, et le prouve ensuite par ses miracles. Donc, mes frères, ne soyons pas trop confiants, lors même que nous sommes debout, mais disons-nous à nous-mêmes: " Que celui qui se croit debout prenne garde qu’il ne tombe. " (I Cor. X.) Et si nous sommes tombés, ne désespérons pas de nous relever; mais disons-nous: " Celui qui est tombé ne se relèvera-t-il pas? " (Ps. LX, 9.) Nous savons que plusieurs, après s’être élevés jusqu’au ciel, après s’être enrichis de toutes sortes de vertus, après avoir passé la plus grande partie de leur vie dans les déserts, après avoir évité la vue des, femmes, sans que dans les songes même il s’en présentât à eux aucune image, n’ont pas laissé néanmoins de se perdre par leur négligence et de tomber, par leur trop grande assurance, dans l’abîme de tous les vices. D’autres, au contraire, d’une vie infâme et malheureuse, sont montés jusqu’au comble de la vertu. Ils ont passé du théâtre et de la comédie à une vie angélique; et ils sont devenus si purs et si saints, qu’ils ont chassé les démons, et qu’ils ont fait de très grands miracles.
Toute l’Ecriture est pleine de ces exemples, et nous ne voyons rien de plus ordinaire tous les jours devant nos yeux. Les adultères et les personnes débauchées peuvent aujourd’hui fermer la bouche aux manichéens, qui disent qu’on ne peut jamais guérir les plaies du péché; qui lient les mains de ceux qui veulent se faire violence pour se corriger de leurs vices; et qui se rendent les ministres du démon pour introduire un désordre et une confusion générale dans la vie des hommes. Ceux qui enseignent ces erreurs, non-seulement nous ravissent les biens du ciel, mais ils troublent même autant qu’ils le peuvent tout l’ordre du monde. Car comment celui qui est dans le vice pourra-t-il penser à embrasser la vertu, s’il ne lui reste aucun moyen de quitter le mal pour faire le bien, et s’il croit qu’il lui est impossible de se convertir? Si, maintenant qu’il y a tant de lois qui menacent les hommes du supplice ou qui leur promettent des récompenses; que la foi nous fait craindre l’enfer et espérer le paradis ; que les méchants tombent dans l’opprobre et dans l’infamie, et que les bons au contraire sont loués et honorés, quelques-uns néanmoins ont tant de peine à entrer dans le sentier pénible de la vertu, et à mépriser le plaisir du vice; si l’on (220) ôte encore ces considérations si puissantes, qui pourra retenir les hommes, et les empêcher de courir à leur perte en s’abandonnant à toute sorte de déréglements?
6. Reconnaissons donc, mes frères, l’artifice du démon qui nous parle par ces hérétiques. Souvenons-nous qu’ils combattent également les ordonnances des législateurs, les oracles de Dieu, les principes de la raison, et cette lumière que la nature même a imprimée dans tous les hommes, qui ne peut être effacée ni dans les Scythes, ni dans les Thraces, ni dans les esprits les plus barbares. Fuyons encore tous ceux qui enseignent qu’il y a un destin, et une nécessité inévitable qui gouverne toutes choses, et, pleins d’horreur pour tous ces mensonges, tenons-nous sur nos gardes, et marchons dans la voie étroite avec crainte et avec confiance; avec crainte, parce que nous-sommes environnés de précipices de toutes parts; et avec confiance, parce que Jésus est avec nous et est notre guide. Soyons circonspects et vigilants. Ne nous laissons point endormir, parce que si nous nous assoupissons tant soit peu, nous tomberons aussitôt dans le précipice.
Nous ne sommes pas plus parfaits que David, qui pour s’être laissé aller à une légère négligence, fut entraîné dans l’abîme du .péché, d’où néanmoins il se releva bientôt. Ne considérez pas tant son péché que la manière dont il l’effaça. Dieu a voulu faire écrire cette histoire dans ses livres saints, non afin que vous voyiez, seulement comment tombe ce sage, mais afin que vous admiriez comment il se relève; et que vous appreniez, lorsque vous serez tombé comme lui, à vous relever aussi comme lui. De même que les médecins traitent dans leurs livres des maladies les plus violentes et de la manière de les guérir, afin que l’expérience des cas les plus graves apprenne à traiter facilement les plus légers; Dieu de même a fait marquer dans ses Ecritures les plus grands péchés de ses saints, afin que ceux qui en commettent de moindres, apprennent, dams la manière dont les autres se sont guéris, comment ils doivent se guérir eux-mêmes. Car si des crimes si énormes ont bien pu trouver des remèdes, il y en aura sans doute encore bien plutôt pour des fautes beaucoup plus légères. Voyons donc quelle fut la maladie de ce saint homme, et comment il en fut guéri.
David tomba dans l’adultère, et à l’adultère il joignit l’homicide. Je ne crains point, mes frères, de publier hautement le crime de ce saint prophète. Si le Saint-Esprit n’a pas cru ternir sa mémoire en le faisant écrire dans l’histoire sainte, nous ne devons pas nous mettre en peine de le cacher. C’est pourquoi non-seulement je vous rapporte ici sa chute, mais j’y ajouterai même les circonstances qui font le plus paraître l’énormité de son crime. Car il me semble que ceux qui tâchent de couvrir sa faute, obscurcissent sa plus grande gloire; ils lui font le même tort que si dans le dénombrement de ses victoires, ils passaient sous silence son combat avec Goliath. Ce que je dis vous semble un paradoxe; mais attendez un peu, et vous en reconnaîtrez la vérité. Je vous représenterai son crime dans toute sa grandeur, pour vous faire encore mieux connaître la grande vertu du remède qui l’a guéri.
Quelle circonstance ajouté-je donc pour mieux faire juger de son péché ? La vertu de cet homme, c’est là une circonstance aggravante. Car les fautes sont différentes selon la différence des personnes. " Les puissants, " dit l’Ecriture, " seront tourmentés puissamment. "(Sap. VI.) Et ailleurs : " Celui qui connaît la volonté de son maître, et ne la fait pas, sera sévèrement châtié. " (Luc, XII.) Ainsi celui qui a plus de connaissance et de lumière, sera plus puni que celui qui en a moins. C’est pourquoi lorsque l’évêque ou le prêtre commet les mêmes péchés que le peuple, ils sont plus coupables que les autres; et quoique le péché soit égal, la peine néanmoins ne le sera pas.
Peut-être qu’en voyant grandir le crime sous ma parole vous craignez, vous tremblez, et vous vous demandez avec effroi comment j’éviterai le précipice où il vous semble que je marche à grands pas. Mais moi, j’ai tant de confiance au mérite de ce juste, que j’irai encore plus loin; plus, en effet, j’exagérerai le crime de David, plus je multiplierai la matière de son éloge. Vous me demandez s’il y a quelque chose de plus que l’adultère et l’homicide? Et voici ce que je vous réponds: Comme le meurtre que commit Caïn fut un crime plus grand que beaucoup de meurtres, parce qu’il ne tua pas simplement un homme, mais son propre frère; qu’il ne tua pas celui dont il avait été offensé, mais celui qu’il avait offensé lui-même; et qu’il ne suivit pas en cela (221) l’exemple d’un autre, mais qu’il fut le premier auteur de l’homicide, et le chef de tous les meurtriers futurs; de même le péché de David n’est pas simplement un meurtre, c’est un meurtre commis par un grand prophète, non pour venger une injure, mais venant s’ajouter à l’injure la plus sanglante que l’on puisse faire à un homme, puisque David avait auparavant déshonoré la femme de celui qu’il tua.
Vous voyez que je n’épargne point David, et que je ne diminue point son péché. Cependant j’entreprends si hardiment sa défense, après même avoir exagéré son crime de cette manière, que je souhaiterais que tous les manichéens qui rejettent ces histoires de l’Ancien Testament, et tous les marcionites fussent ici présents, pour leur fermer la bouche et pour les confondre. Mais David, disent-ils, a commis un homicide et un adultère. Et moi je réponds qu’il n’a pas seulement commis un homicide, mais un double homicide, si l’on considère que celui qui tue est un prophète, et que celui qui est tué est un innocent qui est puni pour l’injure même qu’il a soufferte. Car il y a bien de la différence entre un homme, qui après avoir reçu le Saint-Esprit, après avoir été comblé de grâces, après avoir été uni avec Dieu par une amitié et une familiarité toute sainte jusqu’à un âge déjà avancé, tombe dans un grand crime, et celui qui pèche sans avoir joui d’aucun de ces avantages. Mais c’est là précisément ce qui doit augmenter notre admiration pour le courage de cet homme, qu’après être tombé de si haut et si bas, il ne s’est pas abattu, il n’a point désespéré, il n’est point resté par terre comme blessé à mort par le démon; mais qu’il s’est relevé bientôt et même aussitôt, et qu’il a porté à son ennemi, d’une main vigoureuse, un coup plus mortel que celui qu’il en avait reçu.
7. Pour voir une image de ce que je vous dis, transportez-vous sur un champ de bataille, et supposez qu’un de nos plus braves guerriers reçoive de la main d’un barbare un premier coup de lance ou de javelot qui lui perce le coeur ou le foie, puis une seconde blessure encore plus mortelle qui le fasse tomber baigné dans son sang; supposez qu’ainsi blessé, il se relève néanmoins aussitôt, et que d’un coup de sa lance il fasse mordre la poussière à son ennemi. C’est la même chose ici; plus vous exagérez la blessure et la chute de David, plus vous donnez lieu d’admirer le courage qu’il fallut à ce fier combattant pour se relever, s’élancer au front de la phalange et terrasser celui qui l’avait blessé. Ceux qui sont tombés dans de grands crimes comprendront aisément combien il est difficile de se relever de la sorte.
Il n’est pas besoin, ce me semble, d’un si grand courage pour continuer notre course lorsque nous marchons avec succès dans la bonne voie, puisqu’alors la confiance en Dieu nous accompagne, nous anime, nous soutient, et nous donne toujours de nouvelles forces. Mais de voir un homme qui après avoir vaincu autant de fois qu’il a combattu, est renversé tout à coup par son ennemi, et se relève néanmoins aussitôt et recommence sa course avec plus de vigueur qu’auparavant, c’est ce qu’on ne peut assez admirer.
Pour vous expliquer ceci plus clairement je me servirai d’une comparaison encore plus sensible. Représentez-vous un pilote qui a traversé toutes les mers sans y faire naufrage; et qui après s’être tiré par son adresse de tous les périls, des flots, des tempêtes et des écueils, fait enfin naufrage au port, d’où il a peine à se sauver tout nu; dans quelle disposition croyez-vous que cet homme puisse être à l’avenir à l’égard de la navigation? Croyez-vous qu’à moins d’avoir un courage tout extraordinaire, il voulût seulement voir un vaisseau, ou regarder le bord de la mer? Je ne doute point qu’après cela il ne penserait plus qu’à mener une vie cachée, qu’il perdrait toutes les espérances qu’il aurait conçues, et qu’il aimerait mieux mendier pour vivre que de s’exposer encore aux mêmes périls. Ce qui relève donc le courage de David, c’est qu’il a fait avec tant de générosité ce que ce pilote ne pourrait faire. Après ce naufrage horrible qui lui fit perdre en un moment ce qu’il avait acquis durant tant d’années, après tant de travaux employés inutilement, il ne tombe point dans le désespoir, et ne se condamne point à d’éternelles ténèbres. Il ramasse les débris de son naufrage; il radoube son vaisseau; il en réunit les ais séparés; il en rejoint les voiles déchirées, il reprend le gouvernail en main;et se remettant en mer, il amasse plus de richesses qu’il n’en avait acquis auparavant.
Si l’on admire celui qui peut se tenir ternie sans tomber, quelle louange mérite celui qui tombe, mais qui loin de s’abattre, se relève si promptement? Cependant combien de considérations (222) devaient jeter David dans le désespoir! Premièrement la grandeur de son crime. En second lieu l’âge où il était, puisqu’il n’était plus dans la jeunesse dont la vigueur nourrit aisément notre espérance, mais dans la vieillesse. Aussi le marchand qui fait naufrage presque en s’embarquant ne s’en afflige pas tant que celui qui revenant d’une longue et heureuse navigation perd tout le fruit de sa peine en se brisant contre un écueil. En troisième lieu, l’immensité des richesses perdues dans le désastre; en effet, quelle fortune spirituelle n’avait-il pas amassée depuis son enfance, depuis le temps qu’il était berger, par son combat contre Goliath; par son extrême douceur envers Saül, témoignant à son égard une générosité tout évangélique, lui pardonnant toutes les fois qu’il tombait entre ses mains, et aimant mieux perdre son pays, sa liberté et sa vie même, que de tuer un ennemi si injuste, qui cherchait sans cesse des moyens de le perdre; enfin par les actions de vertu qu’il fit encore après qu’il eut ceint le diadème royal!
8. Mais dans quelle peine et quelle agitation croyez-vous qu’il ait été, en considérant les pensées que les hommes auraient de lui, et qu’il avait perdu en un moment toute cette haute estime qu’il s’était acquise dans leur esprit? Car l’éclat de sa pourpre le parait moins qu’il n’était déshonoré par la laideur de son crime. Vous n’ignorez pas de quelle force d’esprit nous avons besoin pour n’être point troublé, lorsque nous voyons nos crimes partout divulgués, et tout le monde instruit de nos plus honteux désordres. Il faut avoir une âme héroïque pour ne se point décourager en ces occurrences. David bannit toutes ces pensées de son esprit. Il arracha de sa plaie le fer qui l’avait blessé - Il la lava de tant de larmes, et devint si pur aux yeux de Dieu, qu’il a pu même après sa mort secourir ceux qui étaient descendus de lui, dans les péchés qu’ils avaient commis.
C’est ce que Dieu dans l’Ecriture a dit d’Abraham. Mais il l’a dit aussi de David, et quelquefois même avec encore plus d’avantage. Il dit en parlant d’Abraham, qu’il s’est souvenu de l’alliance qu’il avait faite avec lui; mais eu parlant de David, il ne marque point d’alliance. II dit: " Je protégerai cette ville à cause de David mon serviteur. " (IV Rois. XIX, 34.) Et Salomon son fils ayant commis des crimes détestables, Dieu, en considération de David son père, ne voulut point le priver de son royaume. Sa réputation a toujours été si grande parmi les Juifs que saint Pierre, longtemps après sa mort, dit au peuple: "Permettez-moi, mes frères, de vous dire librement que le patriarche David est mort et qu’il a été enseveli." (Act. II, 26.) Jésus-Christ même parlant aux Juifs témoigne que ce saint roi reçut une si grande effusion du Saint-Esprit, même après son péché, qu’il mérita de nouveau de prophétiser touchant la divinité du Christ. Car se servant de ses psaumes pour fermer la bouche aux Juifs, il leur dit: " Comment donc David l’appelle-t-il en esprit son Seigneur par ces paroles : Le Seigneur a dit à mon Seigneur: " Asseyez-vous à ma droite ? " (Matth. XXII, 42; Ps. CIX, 1.)
Dieu même témoigna autant de zèle pour les intérêts de ce saint prophète, qu’autrefois pour ceux de Moïse. Comme il vengea Moïse quoique malgré lui de l’injure que Marie sa soeur lui avait faite, parce qu’il aimait tendrement Moïse; il vengea de même David quoique malgré lui, de la révolte si cruelle et si dénaturée de son propre fils. Il n’y a rien qui prouve davantage la vertu d’un homme que ce zèle que Dieu témoigne pour le protéger. Car lorsque Dieu parle, et qu’il prononce lui-même sur les choses dont nous doutons, il faut que l’homme et la raison humaine se taisent.
Que si vous voulez connaître plus particulièrement la vertu de ce saint roi, voyez dans son histoire comment il se conduisait envers Dieu après son péché, avec quelle liberté il lui parlait, de quel amour il brûlait pour lui, quel progrès il faisait de jour en jour dans la vertu, enfin dans quelle circonspection et quelle vigilance il vécut jusqu’au dernier moment de sa vie.
Encouragés par ces grands exemples que Dieu nous propose, tâchons, mes frères, de ne nous point laisser tomber; ou si ce malheur nous arrive, de ne pas demeurer longtemps dans notre chute. Ce n’est point pour vous rendre plus négligents et plus lâches que je vous parle ainsi de David, mais pour vous imprimer plus de crainte. Car si cet homme si saint, si juste, si parfait s’est vu par un petit défaut de vigilance, frappé tout d’un coup d’une plaie mortelle, et dans un si grand danger de se perdre, que deviendrons-nous (223) nous autres, dont la vie est si molle et si relâchée?
Ne considérez pas seulement que ce saint prophète est tombé, de peur que cette considération ne vous rende encore plus lâches et plus tièdes; mais examinez avec soin ce qu’il fait pour se relever de sa chute, combien de soupirs il exhale, combien de larmes il verse, comme il s’entretient dans des sentiments de pénitence, non seulement le jour, mais même la nuit, baignant son lit de ses larmes, et cela sans jamais quitter son cilice. Si David a eu besoin de tous ces remèdes pour se purifier de son péché; comment pourrons-nous nous sauver, nous qui commettons tant de crimes, et qui n’en avons aucun repentir? De plus David avant son péché, avait vécu si saintement, que ses vertus passées pouvaient en quelque sorte couvrir son crime, mais nous qui n’avons rien fait, nous sommes pour ainsi dire tout nus et sans défense, et tous les coups que nous recevons nous blessent à mort.
Pour éviter ce malheur, mes frères, couvrons-nous de nos bonnes oeuvres, comme d’un bouclier impénétrable, et si nous remarquons en nous quelque tache du péché, effaçons-la par nos larmes, afin qu’en recherchant la seule gloire de Dieu, nous méritions d’être heureux en cette vie et en l’autre, par ta grâce et par la miséricorde de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ, à qui est la gloire et l’empire dans tous les siècles des siècles. Ainsi soit-il.
http://www.abbaye-saint-benoit.ch/frame.html
http://jesusmarie.free.fr/jean_chrysostome_commentaire_evangile_saint_matthieu_1.html
http://www.bible.ca/history/fathers/NPNF1-10/npnf1-10-32.htm#P2625_873666
http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200126.htm
http://biblestudy.churches.net/CCEL/FATHERS2/NPNF110/NPNF1131.HTM#P2625_873666
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cyril_on_luke_03_sermons_26_38.htm#SERMON XXXV
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